This study aims to examine the activities of the Shanghai Overseas Department of the Korean Communist Party from January to June 1926 and to reassess its status and character. Previous studies have been limited in that they have largely confined the S...
This study aims to examine the activities of the Shanghai Overseas Department of the Korean Communist Party from January to June 1926 and to reassess its status and character. Previous studies have been limited in that they have largely confined the Shanghai Overseas Department to its conflicts with the New Central Committee or have treated it solely from an external perspective, focusing on its role in liaison and negotiations with the Comintern. Such approaches, however, are insufficient to fully explain the role played by the Shanghai Overseas Department in the process of party reorganization and the complexity of its status.
The Shanghai Overseas Department was an overseas liaison body established for the purpose of subsequent organizational reorganization by surviving members of the First Korean Communist Party who had fled to Shanghai, together with local communists, after the domestic party organization collapsed following the Sinuiju Incident in November 1925. According to party regulations, overseas departments were liaison organs directly subordinate to the Central Committee; however, amid the confusion caused by mass arrests, the Shanghai Overseas Department came to secure an independent status by providing practical support for the activities of the New Central Committee.
The Shanghai Overseas Department understood that its position as central cadres would be maintained until the convening of a party congress, while the New Central Committee entrusted it with various overseas affairs. In this process, the Shanghai Overseas Department carried out unresolved organizational tasks from the period of the First Korean Communist Party and sought to function as a “Central Cadres Overseas Department” through the publication of the party organ 『Bulkkot (The Flame)』.
However, from February 1926 onward, as the New Central Committee gradually established an organizational foundation through regular meetings, Kang Dal-yeong, the responsible secretary of the New Central Committee, asserted the distinct role of the New Central Committee and found it necessary to respond to the former Central Committee associated with the Shanghai Overseas Department. The Shanghai Overseas Department proposed strengthening the sphere of illegal activities, addressing the issue of supplementing central cadres, and organizing a technical department in order to restore the collapsed organizational network. Yet, as the New Central Committee became firmly established, these internally linked organizational tasks came to be carried out under its leadership.
Nevertheless, the Shanghai Overseas Department continued to actively undertake major organizational tasks of the party, focusing on unresolved issues from the period of the First Party, such as obtaining Comintern approval for the Korean Communist Party and discussions on the establishment of a National Revolutionary Party. This reflected the image of a “Central Cadres Overseas Department” that the department had consistently advocated.
In addition, the Shanghai Overseas Department exercised organizational influence by mediating between the Comintern and the domestic New Central Committee, while also providing ideological guidance to members of the Korean Communist Party through the publication of the party organ 『Bulkkot (The Flame)』. Published in Shanghai from January to September 1926, 『Bulkkot (The Flame)』 functioned not merely as a medium of propaganda and agitation, but as an official party organ that consolidated the line and tactics of the Korean Communist Party. In particular, it established the party’s ideological foundation by promulgating the “Declaration of the Korean Communist Party,” the party’s sole platform, and played a guiding role in concretizing the theory of the national united front and directing practical struggle tactics such as the June 10 Manse Demonstration.
In this way, amid the organizational vacuum following the collapse of the First Korean Communist Party, the Shanghai Overseas Department effectively performed the role of central cadres and sought to carry on the legacy of the First Central Committee. Although its role was partially constrained during the process of organizational reorganization led by the domestic New Central Committee, its exercise of ideological influence through the publication of the party organ 『Bulkkot (The Flame)』 conversely demonstrates the Shanghai Overseas Department’s status as a central cadre body.