같은 정보를 여러 번 부호화(encoding)하는 것보다 한번이라도 해당 정보에 대한 인출(retrieval)을 경험하는 것이 기억에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 이와 관련하여, 시험효과(testing effect)는 ...

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https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13143812
서울 : 서울대학교, 2013
학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 , 교육학과 교육심리전공 , 2013
2013
한국어
370.18 판사항(5)
370.15 판사항(21)
서울
ix, 152 p. : 삽화, 도표 ; 26 cm
권말부록: 측정도구 ; 요인분석 결과 ; 즉각 피드백측정기술
참고문헌: p. 97-118
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상세조회0
다운로드같은 정보를 여러 번 부호화(encoding)하는 것보다 한번이라도 해당 정보에 대한 인출(retrieval)을 경험하는 것이 기억에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 이와 관련하여, 시험효과(testing effect)는 ...
같은 정보를 여러 번 부호화(encoding)하는 것보다 한번이라도 해당 정보에 대한 인출(retrieval)을 경험하는 것이 기억에 더욱 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 이와 관련하여, 시험효과(testing effect)는 동일한 내용을 반복적으로 학습하는 것과 비교할 때, 시험을 실시하는 것이 학생들로 하여금 스스로 인출할 수 있는 기회를 제공함으로써 학습한 내용에 대한 기억을 증진시키는데 기여하는 현상을 의미한다.
시험효과와 관련된 기존의 연구들은 시험 형태 및 피드백 제공 형태와 시기를 달리함으로써 시험 실시가 기억에 미치는 영향에 관한 지식을 정교화 하는데 주된 관심을 보여 왔다. 반면, 이들 연구는 시험 장면이 야기할 수 있는 학생들의 동기 및 정서적 변화에는 상대적으로 적은 관심을 보여 왔다. 특히, 시험 실시가 저성취 집단 학생들의 동기 및 정서에 미칠 수 있는 부정적 영향(예: 지각된 유능감 감소)을 고려하지 않았다는 점에서 기존의 연구 결과만을 바탕으로 시험효과를 모든 학습자 집단 및 맥락에 일반화하는 데는 무리가 따른다.
이러한 문제의식을 바탕으로 본 연구는 학생들의 학업성취 수준에 따라 시험 방식 및 시험 결과에 대한 피드백 제시시기가 학습된 내용에 대한 기억뿐만 아니라 동기 및 정서 등에 차별적 영향을 미치는가를 살펴봄으로써 시험효과 연구 결과의 실제 교육 현장 적용 가능성을 높이는데 기여하고자 하였다.
먼저, 연구1을 통해 학업성취 수준에 따라 학습한 내용의 기억, 지각된 유능감, 동기, 정서에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 시험 방식에 차이가 존재하는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 선다형 시험 방식과 관련하여, 선행연구들은 정답을 선택할 수 있는 기회를 한번만 제공하는 ‘단일시도 방식’과 정답을 선택할 때까지 무제한적으로 기회를 제공하는 ‘중다시도 방식(Answer-Until-Correct)’의 상대적 효과성에 관한 불일치한 결과를 보고하고 있다. 이러한 일관적이지 않은 연구결과의 원인이 중다시도 방식이 단일시도 방식에 비해 (1) 스스로 정답을 찾을 수 있는 충분한 기회를 제공하는 반면, (2) 반복적인 오답 선택으로 인해 잘못된 지식을 학습할 수 있는 기회 또한 많이 제공하기 때문이라고 가정하고, 중다시도 방식의 장점을 반영하는 한편 단점을 최소화할 수 있는 ‘2회시도 방식’을 고안하여 단일시도 방식과 비교하였다.
연구1의 구체적인 연구결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대학생을 대상으로 한 선행연구들과 마찬가지로, 초등학생의 경우에도 기억에서 시험효과가 존재함이 확인되었다. 둘째, 예측한 바와 같이, 2회시도 방식이 단일시도 방식에 비해 기억뿐만 아니라 지각된 유능감, 동기, 정서에 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 학업성취 수준과 시험 방식 간에 상호작용 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 2회시도 방식은 학업성취 수준이 높은 학습자보다는 학업성취 수준이 낮은 학습자에게 보다 효과적인 방식인 것으로 나타났다. 2회시도 조건에서 상당수의 고성취 학습자가 첫 번째 시도에서 정답을 선택한 반면, 저성취 학습자 중 많은 수가 두 번째 기회에서 정답을 선택하였다. 저성취 집단의 경우 단일시도 조건에 비해 2회시도 조건에서 스스로 정답을 발견할 기회를 더 많이 가질 수 있었으나, 고성취 집단의 경우 그 차이가 크지 않았다.
연구2에서는 시험효과에 있어서 피드백 유형과 제시시기의 상호작용을 확인하고자 하였다. 학생들은 자신의 선택지가 정답일 확률에 대해 다양한 정도의 확신을 가진다. 그러나 정답 가능성에 대한 확신의 정도와 실제 피드백이 항상 일치하는 것은 아니다. 즉, 강한 확신을 했으나 오답인 경우가 있고, 단순 추측에 의한 선택지가 정답인 경우도 있다. 피드백의 유형을 정답에 대한 응답 기대와의 일치 여부에 따라 ‘응답 기대 일치 피드백’과 ‘응답 기대 불일치 피드백’의 두 종류로 구분하고, 시험 효과에 있어서 피드백 유형과 피드백 제시시기(즉각 피드백 vs. 지연 피드백)에 상호작용이 존재하는지 탐색하였다.
연구결과, 기대와 일치하는 피드백은 시간이 지난 후에, 기대와 불일치하는 피드백은 즉각적으로 제공하는 것이 학습한 내용을 오래 기억하도록 하는데 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 기대 불일치 상황에서 즉각 피드백이 더 효과적인 이유는 ‘과도교정효과(hypercorrection effect)’와 ‘놀람피드백효과(surprising feedback effect)’에 기초해서 설명될 수 있다. 즉, 기대에 어긋나는 피드백은 ‘놀람효과’를 유발함으로써 보다 심층적인 부호화를 야기할 수 있으며, 그 놀람의 강도는 지연 피드백보다 즉각 피드백에서 더 강하게 나타나는 것이 일반적이다. 한편, 기대 일치 상황에서 지연 피드백이 더 효과적인 이유는 ‘간격효과(spacing effect)’와 ‘간섭보존이론(interference-perseveration theory)’에 근거해서 설명할 수 있다. 피드백을 시간이 지난 후에 제공하는 경우 학습 기회 간의 간격을 증가시킬 수 있다는 측면에서 학습 효과를 높일 수 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히, 추측에 의해 잘못된 선택지를 택한 경우 잘못된 선택지에 의해 발생할 수 있는 간섭 효과를 최소화 할 수 있다는 점에서, 기대 일치 조건에서는 즉각 피드백에 비해 지연 피드백 조건에서 시험효과가 더 크게 나타난 것으로 보인다.
연구2는 피드백 유형과 피드백 제시시기의 상호작용을 살펴봄으로써, 선행연구에서 일관되지 않게 보고되고 있는 피드백 제시시기와 시험효과의 관계에 관한 지식을 확장하는데 기여한다는 점에서 그 이론적 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 또한, 시험 결과에 대한 학습자의 기대 및 실제 결과의 일치 여부에 따라 피드백 시기를 달리함으로써 시험효과를 높일 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다는 점에서 실용적 의의가 적지 않다.
목차 (Table of Contents)
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