都市環境開發에 있어서 새마을 運動을 통한 住民參與에 관한 硏究 = (A) Study of Citizens Participation in Community Development through Sae-maul Movement

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the past, no mechanism was available for citizens to par-ticipate in urban planning either in advance or afterwards, Much of the responsibility for effectuating plans fell on the shoulders of the chief executive, The chief executive was the central coordinator of a11 activities of the government, and the plan provided a framework to assist him in coordinating those activities invoIving physical development, especially capital improvements, The citizenry had few opportunity of being involved through the machinery of public hearings. Since the early 1970, however, the nation has seen a kind of citizen participation in the course of community development through the Sae-maul movement bringing about a new era through self-help and cooperation at the neighborhood level,
I n the light of this, the author has performed an analysis of citizen participation and the Sae-maul movement to the effect of community development in relation to environmental as well as social change in urban communities in Korea.
We can find an example of citizens participation in the advocacy planning theory of the 1960s in America, which was advocated by Paul Davidoff. But what makes participation of citizens(and planners) meaningful and desirable? How is the need for innovative participation of the residents justified and support for it secured? We can answer these questions by analyzing the Sae-maul movement in its true light in relation to citizen participation As the term "sea" is equivalent to the English word "new" or "renewed", whereas "maul" means " neighborhood" or "community", the whole term "Sae-maul" means new community, renewed community, and community renewal. But when considering as a new community we should be fully careful of maintaining its uniqueness in the world society, as the term had its origin in the U.S. in the early 1900s. "The Contemporary New Communities Movement in the United State" by Gedeon Golany(1974) sheds light on this term. As we can define "Undong" related to "Sae-maul"as ① a driving, pushing force, ② campaign and education, and ③ works or programs of practical philosophy, the whole term "Sae-maul Undong" should be interpreted as Sae-maul movement instead of new community movement in order for it to be accepted as a unique program in the world society. At the same time, we can not but agree to the coincidence between "Undong" (as related to Sae-maul) and "movement" (according to Golany's definition) as far as the Sae-maul movement(Undong) is concerned. How than can the Sae-maul movement be carried out in urban areas? Further, What is the meaning of the movement as applied to social and physical planning at the community or neighborhood level? We can answer th these question by analyzing the personalities of urbanities and their grass-roots participation.
Within rapidly changing urban communitles, "anomie" or the feeling of moral chaos becomes prevalent, But major urban social problems can be solved through changes in the citizens value systems and environmental betterment through grass-roots participation. It is furthermore argued that the development of efficient, as we11 as democratic, city government depends upon grass-roots participation.
As the term "citizen participation" is often defined as citizen consideration of and consent to professionally developed programs, or civic activity which is decidedly non-political, and as the Sae-maul movement is understood as a renovation movement in the ways of life and living conditions and thought of the citizens, the question of value changes, order and morality enhancement in everyday living, betterment of the environment and anti-poverty activities as applied to the Sae-maul movement should be approached through means of democratic participation as far as the social and physical effects of the movement are concerned.
As we can define "Undong" related to "Sae-maul" as ① a driving, pushing force, ② campaign and education, and ③ works or programs of practical philosophy, the whole term "Sae-maul Undong" should be interpreted as Sae-maul movement instead of new community movement in order for it to be accepted as a unique program in the world society. At the same time, we can not but agree to the coincidence between "Undong" (as related to Sae-maul) and "movement"(according to Golany's definition) as far as the Sae-maul movement(Undong) is concerned.
How then can the Sae-maul movement be carried out in urban areas? Further, what is the meaning of the movement as applied to social and physical planning at the community or neighborhood level?
We can answer to these questions by analyzing the personalities of urbanites and their grass-soots participation.
Within rapidly changing urban communities, "anomie" or the feeling of moral chaos becomes prevalent. But major urban social problems can be solved through change in the citizens value systems and environmental betterment through grass-roots participation. It is furthermore argued that the development of efficient, as well as democratic, city government depends upon grass-roots participation.
As the term "citizen participation" is often defined as citizen consideration of and consent to professionally developed programs, or civic activity which is decidedly nonpolitical, and as the Sae-maul movement is understood as a renovation movement in the ways of life and living conditions and thought of the citizens, the question of value changes, order and morality enhancement in everyday living, betterment of the environment and anti-poverty activities as applied to the Sae-maul movement should be approaches as applied to the Sae-maul movement should be approached through means of democratic participation as far as the social and physical effects of the movement are concerned.
In our case, however, we should be well aware of "community integration" and " total community" wherein the primary goal of community organization is to further the democratic process and strengthen the community members capacity to work together.
Out of this view, a kind of neighborhood council as an effective communication channel with its subsystem of "ban" meetings which currently exist in this country, and a kind of neighborhood unit development committee having financial as well as executive power in the implementation of sub-programs should be institutionally available. At the same time, the existing Sae-maul banks(micro-banks) at the neighborhood unit level should be encouraged in their function to the effect of implementing sub-programs that are directly associated with the residents' want and needs.
Because each neighborhood has a somewhat distinctive approach, or a different emphasis in the selection of programs, depending partly on the needs of the residents and partly on the sponsors, it is important to be aware of citizens! dissatisfactions and discontents and to stimulate them to take part actively in improving their own living environment.
In a sense this leads to the concept of communal autonomy.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차 = 1
• ABSTRACT = 5
• Ⅰ. 序論 = 9
• Ⅱ. 都市計劃과 住民參與 = 11
• A. 都市計劃에 있어서 住民參與理論의 最近動向 = 11
• B. 都市計劃과 住民意識 = 16
• 1. 住民意識의 槪念과 住民參與 = 16
• 2. 意識構造의 메커니즘과 價値意識 = 17
• 3. 住民意識의 都市計劃上의 役割 = 18
• C. 住民意識모델의 設定 = 19
• D. 住民意識의 調査方法 = 21
• 1. 住民意識의 分析方法 = 21
• 2. 都市計劃調査와 住民意識調査의 關聯 = 22
• 3. 住民意識의 調査方法과 態度測定 = 25
• Ⅲ. 都市開發에 있에서 住民意識의 形成과 住民參與 = 26
• A. 問題의 提起 = 26
• B. 住民意識形成의 實證的 接近 = 27
• 1. 住民協議體와 住民意識 = 27
• 2. 班常會意識 = 29
• C. 새마을金庫 = 34
• D. 커뮤니티意識의 實證的 接近 = 35
• 1. 커뮤니티(마을) 意識 = 35
• 2. 近隣交際意識 = 38
• E. 우리동네의 形成과 「우리」의 發見 = 46
• 1. 우리동네의 形成 = 46
• 2. 住民負擔金 意識 = 49
• a. 事例1 (實分擔 內容調査) = 49
• b. 事例2 (意識·態度의 調査) = 51
• c. 分擔意識과 實負擔의 比較 = 51
• Ⅳ. 都市새마을運動과 地域社會開發 = 53
• A. 새마을運動의 理念과 本質 = 53
• 1. 「上向式開發」의 槪念과 새마을運動 = 53
• 2. 「잘산다」는 槪念으로서의 새마을 = 54
• 3. 社會變革裝置로서의 새마을運動 = 55
• 4. 政治的·文化的理念으로서의 새마을 = 57
• 5. 運動의 槪念으로 본 새마을 = 58
• 6. 새마을의 發展的인 뜻 (1) = 61
• 7. 새마을의 發展的인 뜻 (2) = 64
• 8. 새마을의 發展的인 뜻 (3) = 66
• B. 都市에 있어서의 「우리」意識 = 68
• 1. 都會人의 퍼스낼리티 = 68
• 2. 近隣性 指標 = 68
• 3. 커뮤니티의 形成 = 70
• 4. 커뮤니티의 形成과 都市環境開發 = 72
• C. 커뮤니티意識 및 環境意識의 行政과의 對應 = 73
• D. 都市새마을 運動의 展開 = 78
• 1. 都市새마을은 定着하고 있는가 = 78
• 2. 都市民에게 새마을은 어떻게 聯想되고 있는가 = 79
• 3. 커뮤니티 디자인要素로서의 生活環境改善要求 = 83
• Ⅴ. 結論 = 86
• 參考文獻 = 90
• 附錄(Ⅰ) 調査의 方法 및 調査對象의 性格 = 93
• 附錄(Ⅱ) 調査票 = 97