Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of serum folate levels on plasma tHcy levels, endothelial function, inflammatory marker, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other traditional risk factors for cardiovascul...
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of serum folate levels on plasma tHcy levels, endothelial function, inflammatory marker, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in healthy Koreans. This study also examined the interrelationships between folate, plasma tHcy levels, endothelial function and hs-CRP.
Methods and Results Among healthy Koreans, subgroups were divided into three groups (the lowest tertile folate group, folate<6nmol/L, the middle tertile folate group, 6≤folate<9nmol/L and the highest tertile folate group, folate≥9nmol/L)on the basis of serum folate levels, using tertile. Mean plasma tHcy levels (μmol/L) were significantly higher in the lowest tertile group (12.4±0.47, p=0.000) and middle tertile folate group (10.5±0.27, p=0.001) than in the highest tertile group (8.94±0.27), as well as in the lowest tertile folate group than in the middle tertile group (p=0.001). Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (%) in the highest tertile folate group is significantly higher than the lowest (8.33±0.68 vs. 5.75±0.68, p=0.007) and the middle (8.33±0.68 vs. 6.03±0.54, p=0.004) tertile folate groups. In the case of NMD, the correlation between the lowest and the highest tertile folate group was found (15.6±1.01 vs 19.9±1.13, p=0.016), whereas no significantdifferences were presented in serum total nitric oxide levels. Serum levels of hs-CRP in the lowest tertile folate group were higher than the highest tertile folate group, but not significantly (p<0.1). HDL cholesterol levels (mg/dl) differed significantlyamong three groups: between the lowest and middle tertile folate groups (43.2±1.27 and 48.2±1.49, respectively; p=0.042) and between lowest and highest tertile folate groups (43.2±1.27 and 49.5±1.55, respectively; p=0.007), but not between middle and highest tertile folate groups (p=0.800). Also, serum levels of apolipoprotein A1 (mg/dl) differed significantly: between the lowest and highest tertile folate groups (134.5±2.50 and 144.2±2.60, respectively; p=0.028) and between middle andhighest tertile folate groups (134.3±2.83 and 144.2±2.60, respectively; p=0.024), but not between lowest andmiddle tertile folate groups (p=0.999).
Pearson correlation coefficient was shown among variables. Lower serum levels of folate were seen with increasing plasma tHcy levels (p=0.000), serum hs-CRP levels (0.006). Serum folate levels showed an inverse correlation with FMD (p=0.000) and serum HDL cholesterol levels (p=0.001). Also, serum hs-CRP levels and plasma tHcy levels had a negative relationship with FMD (p=0.007 and p=0.006) and serum HDL cholesterol levels (p=0.000 and 0.022), whereas serum HDL cholesterol levels were positively associated with FMD (p=0.002).
In a multiple regression analysis, we found independent relationships between tHcy and male gender (β-coefficient=-0.323, p=0.000), folate (β-coefficient=-0.239, p=0.000) and cigarette smoking (β-coefficient=-0.005, p=0.001). The main independent factors on FMD were folate (β-coefficient=0.337, p=0.006) and HDL cholesterol (β-coefficient=0.111, p=0.012). hs-CRP was independently related with HDL cholesterol (β-coefficient=-0.033, p=0.000), age (β-coefficient=0.032, p=0.000) and folate (β-coefficient=-0.478, p=0.032). HDL cholesterol was also accelerated by male gender (β-coefficient=7.828, p=0.001), hs-CRP (β-coefficient=-2.559, p=0.000) and cigarette smoking (β-coefficient=-0.171, p=0.050).
Conclusions The present data showed that low serum folate levels are unfavorably related to tHcy, endothelial function, hs-CRP and other traditional risk factors for CVD in healthy Koreans. The increased serum folate levels may be of potential benefit in the primary and secondary prevention of CVD.