조선후기 東萊 지역과 지역민 동향 : 倭館 교류를 중심으로 = (The) trend of Dongnae region and the local people in the late Chosun period: focusing on cultural exchange in and around waegwan

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Busanpo-Waegwan had been an important element in Dongnaebu for the past four hundred and fifty years, after it had established in 1407. In particular, the conclusion of Jeongsa Treaty(丁巳約條) in 1547 marked a turning point in Dongnaebu. As a result of this treaty, Jepo-Waegwan and Yeompo-Waegwan among three Waegwans in the past were closed, but only Busanpo-Waegwan in Dongnaebu survived; it is the so-called 'Sole Waegwan', and the system continued to the modern opening of Busanpo in 1876.
After the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, Jeolyoungdo-Waegwan was established in the course of building diplomatic relations between Chosun and Japan, and then Dumopo-Waegwan was set up.
Dumopo-Waegwan controled the Japanese and Chosun people by building a barrier around this area including the sea. By the seventeenth century, Chosun and Japan made various changes in their diplomatic and trade relations. They maintained a peaceful diplomacy by sending missions to each other in 1636; they expanded the scale of trade by introducing Gyumdaeje(兼帶制) and improved the Waegwan system by sending Gwansoo(Japanese chief executive of Waegwan) in 1637. The development of relations between Chosun and Japan brought about the immigration of many people to Waegwan. Public facilities were built to do their business more efficiently and provided various amenities for Japanese who lived there.
However, it was hard to meet all of the requests made by the changes of Waegwan, because Dumopo-Waegwan was not enough in its limit. Japan continued to demand expansion of the land and improvement of the environment of Waegwan. As relations between two countries developed, Waegwan built up various facilities and structures for a more efficient environment; and Choryang-Wagwan would take over the function that Dumopo-Wagwan had, and make its draft from past experiences of Dumopo-Wagwan.
Along with the development of Dumopo-Wagwan, Dongnaebu improved the facilities to promote its relationship with Japan. First of all, some of the facilities were established to protect both the Chosun Peninsula and Dongnae Region because Dongnaebu was close to Japan as well as Waegwan; others were built to promote the diplomacy and trade and to help communicate with and control Waegwan.
From the establishment of Dumopo-Waegwan through the Kiyu Treaty(己酉約條) and restoration of diplomatic relations with Japan in 1609, politicians including the King of Chosun used 'control' as a way to balance 'National Defense' with the 'Good-Neighbor Policy', and organized the administration to conduct it more efficiently.
As diplomatic conditions were quite different after the restoration of diplomatic relations with Japan, Waegwan also altered its roles dramatically; local officials in Waegwan had little significance as an important post in the early part of Chosun, but the importance of the position of the post differed completely after the restoration.
Gyoungsanggamsa(The Chief Executive of Gyoungsang Province), Dongnaebusa (The Chief Executive of Dongnae-Bu), and Busanchumsa(The Chief Executive of Busan-Jin) who had direct concern with the administration of Waegwan were not recommended by Yejo(the State Department) or Byungjo(the Defense Department) but by Beebyunsa(備邊司). It appears that the central government recognized the importance of these positions. The government's selected officers by the Chosun government were to well conduct the Chosun's diplomatic policy toward Japan and speak on behalf of Chosun.
Dongnaebusa and Busanchumsa, who directly met with the Japanese envoy, shared the charge of diplomatic affairs with Japan. Dongnaebusa who entertained the Japanese envoy was the chief executive of diplomats; he was responsible for all of the diplomatic affairs with Japan. He also gathered various types of information from inside Dongnaebu and reported it through Gyoungsanggamsa to the central government; and he, as a finance officer in Waegwan, filed status of trade relations between Chosun and Japan, and also controled the illicit commerce.
In comparison to Dongnaebu, Busanjin was close to Waegwan and offered easy access to the sea. Most of all, it played an important role as a military camp, by controling access to Waegwan and supervising the passing of Japanese vessels. It was responsible for furnishing supplies and controling the physical distribution of trade goods between Waegwan and Dongnaebu, such as the transport of Gongjakmi(公作米). Contrary to the expectations of the central government, as soon as Dumopo-Waegwan declar reopening of the trade with Japan, the commercial exchange began to overheat. Under the leadership of Beebyunsa(備邊司), Waegwan pursued a policy to extend its market and created a structured commercial environment, consisting of watching trade goods, managing merchant's license, and doing tax collection. Dongnaebu also tried to improve the circumstances of trade in Dumopo-Waegwan.
Dongnaebu laid the groundwork for the trade between Chosun and Japan, and administered it. Because it obtained its finances through a part of the commercial tax, it made efforts for an establishment of the trade management system. This system included the prohibition against the illicit commerce, the protection of government licensed merchants such as Dongnae Merchant(東萊商人).
Dongnaebu was a gateway to the trade; exports and imports accumulated in Dongnaebu and traders poured in along with the influx of material. As the trade between Chosun and Japan developed, many traders paid attention to the economic advantages of Dongnaebu. To maximize the interests of their trade activities, they became organized and dared to smuggle in Dongnaebu. Local merchants were also active in business in and around Waegwan Market.
From the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, with the development of trade between Chosun and Japan, Dongnaebu gathered up silver of more than 10,000 Yang(monetary unit of Chosun) every year by collecting taxes in Waegwan Market including a five-day interval market periods. By raising these funds, Dongnaebu covered the enormous expenses that Waegwan needed to operate, and the funds formed a basis for the enhancement of its finances since the mid-18th century.
As the physical distribution of trade goods accumulated and traders crowded into Waegwan, Dongnaebu was a flourishing urban area. As Dongnaebu developed, areas near Dongnaebu, such as Kimhae, Milyang, Yangsan also prospered by connecting with Dongnaebu through the physical distribution of trade goods.
Not only the number of persons concerned, such as traders or officers, but also visitors, who had a curiosity or went around Waegwan, continued to increase in Dongnaebu. They poured into Waegwan to do their business and see strange sights though the government continued to control them.
Dongnaebu was the place where the Chosun and Japanese people met, and the two countries promoted cultural exchange. The Chosun people who visited Dongnaebu to want cultural exchange belonged to a variety of classes from high-level Yangban classes to interpreters who used Waegwan as their offices.
Contrary to the Chosun government which administered Waegwan through control policy, local people considered Waegwan as a part of 'their sphere of life'; for them, Japan was no longer regarded as 'a strange land' or 'the other.'
Waegwan was an opportunity to offer economic interests to local people. They could make money from an illicit trade, trade debt, prostitution, trespassing across the border, theft, spying, and servitude.
Local people involved Waegwan in their lives by finding a way to communicate with the Japanese. They regarded Waegwan as a familiar place; and they wanted to have a close contact with Waegwan, not to break off their relationship with it.
For local people, Waegwan was such a common part of everyday life for two hundred seventy years during the late Chosun Period; Waegwan offered the local community and local people a sufficient environment to exchange with the Japanese.
Dongnae region was an intersection; it satisfied the needs of the Japanese who wanted to know Chosun beyond Waegwan as well as the Chosun people who were curious about foreign people and exotic cultures. Their contacts turned into a cultural exchange, but sometimes raised social problems

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 서론 1
• 제1장 對日 외교․무역 중심지 東萊府의 성립 13
• 1. 왜관 설치와 동래부의 공간 변화 13
• 1) 부산 단일왜관의 설치 13
• 2) 동래부의 외교․무역 시설 정비 27
• 2. 대일 행정체계와 地方官 역할 34
• 1) 대일 행정체계의 수립 34
• 2) 지방관의 선정과 대일 업무 42
• 제2장 對日貿易의 전개와 都會地 동래부 62
• 1. 대일무역과 동래부의 무역 운영 62
• 1) 開市의 시작과 동래부의 무역기반 마련 62
• 2) 동래부 무역 운영책의 추이 71
• 2. 무역품의 유통과 상인의 분화 87
• 1) 무역품의 유통 87
• 2) 지역상인의 성장 99
• 3. 都會地 동래부의 형성과 발전 112
• 1) 동래부 人口 증가와 도회지 형성 112
• 2) 도회지 동래부의 발전 120
• 제3장 동래 지역의 대일 문화 교류 131
• 1. 문학 교류 131
• 1) 왜관 職任者의 문학 교류 131
• 2) 조선 문인의 문학 교류 134
• 2. 기술과 예술 교류 142
• 1) 기술인 求請과 교류 142
• 2) 예술품과 예술인 교류 155
• 3. 풍속과 생활 교류 160
• 1) 풍속 교류 160
• 2) 생활 교류 170
• 제4장 왜관 주변 동래 지역민의 생활상 182
• 1. 왜관 운영과 지역민의 役 182
• 1) 軍役 182
• 2) 雜役 184
• 3) 倭館 職役 200
• 2. 왜관 주변 마을과 지역민의 왜관 접촉 207
• 1) 왜관 境界 설정과 지역민 통제 207
• 2) 왜관 주변 마을의 양상 217
• 3) 지역민의 왜관 접촉과 일상 227
• 결론 248
• 참고문헌 254
• Abstract 263