Population genetic structure of Aphis glycines.

Michel, Andrew P,Zhang, Wei,Kyo Jung, Jin,Kang, Sung-Taeg,Mian, M A Rouf Entomological Society of America 2009 Environmental entomology Vol.38 No.4

<P>The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is an invasive pest of cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) in North America. After the initial invasion in 2000, the aphid has quickly spread across most of the United States and Canada, suggesting large-scale dispersal and rapid adaptation to new environments. Using microsatellite markers from closely related species, we compared the genetic diversity and the amount of genetic differentiation within and among 2 South Korean and 10 North American populations. Overall allelic polymorphism was low, never exceeding four alleles per locus. However, differences in genetic diversity were seen among South Korean and North American populations in terms of heterozygote excesses and genotypic richness. Within North America, two populations (Michigan and Ontario), had lower genetic diversities and exhibited high genetic differentiation compared with the remaining eight populations. The earlier collection time of Michigan and Ontario samples explained the genetic differences better than geographic subdivisions. These data indicate a pattern of small colonizing populations on soybeans, followed by rapid clonal amplification and subsequent large-scale dispersal across North America.</P>

The Biochemical Adaptations of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Fresh Fruits Reduced Fructose Concentrations and Glutathione-S Transferase Activities

Nguyen, Phuong,Kim, A-Young,Jung, Jin Kyo,Donahue, Kelly M.,Jung, Chuleui,Choi, Man-Yeon,Koh, Young Ho Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2016 Journal of economic entomology Vol.109 No.2

<P>Spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an invasive and economically damaging pest in Europe and North America. The females have a serrated ovipositor that enables them to infest almost all ripening small fruits. To understand the physiological and metabolic basis of spotted wing drosophila food preferences for healthy ripening fruits, we investigated the biological and biochemical characteristics of spotted wing drosophila and compared them with those of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. We found that the susceptibility to oxidative stressors was significantly increased in spotted wing drosophila compared with those of D. melanogaster. In addition, we found that spotted wing drosophila had significantly reduced glutathione-S transferase (GST) activity and gene numbers. Furthermore, fructose concentrations found in spotted wing drosophila were significantly lower than those of D. melanogaster. Our data strongly suggest that the altered food preferences of spotted wing drosophila may stem from evolutionary adaptations to fresh foods accompanied by alterations in carbohydrate metabolism and GST activities.</P>

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Son, Y.,Kim, Y. ESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011 Annals of the Entomological Society of America Vol.104 No.4

Moth Diversity and Identification of Indicator Species in Temperate Forests of Southern South Korea

ESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011 Annals of the Entomological Society of America Vol.104 No.5

DNA Barcoding of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) for Quarantine Inspection.

Kang, Tae Hwa,Lee, Kwang-Su,Lee, Heung-Sik Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2015 Journal of economic entomology Vol.108 No.4

<P>DNA barcoding and morphological analyses of Korean Lymantria (Erebidae, Lepidoptera) were conducted for quarantine inspection. In DNA barcoding, Lymantria dispar identified through quarantine inspection was distinguished as three species, L. dispar asiatica, L. albescens, and L. xylina. Lymantria monacha, which is known as a single species in Korea, is revealed as containing three species, L. monacha, L. minomonis, and L. sugii. At the subspecies level, L. dispar dispar formed a single cluster, whereas L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica formed a cluster containing both subspecies. In morphological re-examination on DNA barcoding results, L. dispar was distinguished from L. albescens by wing pattern, and from L. xylina by papillae anale. L. monacha and the related species were hard to be distinct from each other by using wing pattern, but it was easily distinct through comparison of genitalia. Therefore, DNA barcoding led to accurate identification in species level, but in subspecies level, only a taxon showing geographically far distance was discriminated from the others. These results may provide a taxonomic outline of the Korean Lymantria fauna and may be used as an identification reference for Lymantria species during quarantine inspection.</P>

A Model for Predicting Spring Emergence of Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis.

Jung, Chan Sik,Koh, Sang-Hyun,Nam, Youngwoo,Ahn, Jeong Joon,Lee, Cha Young,Choi, Won Il Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2015 Journal of economic entomology Vol.108 No.4

<P>Monochamus saltuarius Gebler is a vector that transmits the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis, in Korea. To reduce the damage caused by this nematode in pine forests, timely control measures are needed to suppress the cerambycid beetle population. This study sought to construct a forecasting model to predict beetle emergence based on spring temperature. Logs of Korean white pine were infested with M. saltuarius in 2009, and the infested logs were overwintered. In February 2010, infested logs were then moved into incubators held at constant temperature conditions of 16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30 or 34°C until all adults had emerged. The developmental rate of the beetles was estimated by linear and nonlinear equations and a forecasting model for emergence of the beetle was constructed by pooling data based on normalized developmental rate. The lower threshold temperature for development was 8.3°C. The forecasting model relatively well predicted the emergence pattern of M. saltuarius collected from four areas in northern Republic of Korea. The median emergence dates predicted by the model were 2.2-5.9???d earlier than the observed median dates.</P>

Refrigerated eggs of Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) added to aggregation pheromone traps increase field parasitism in soybean.

Alim, M Abdul,Lim, Un Taek Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2011 Journal of economic entomology Vol.104 No.6

<P>Riptortus pedestris (F.) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a key pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in Korea and Japan. Aggregation pheromone traps have been used to attract R. pedestris. An aggregation pheromone, produced by males of R. pedestris, also attracts the egg parasitoid, Ooencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). As a new method of pest management, we propose the use of nonviable host eggs in the pheromone trap together to both trap R. pedestris and propagate parasitoids on host eggs attached to the trap. Approximately ten-thousand nonviable refrigerated host eggs were placed outside pheromone traps in three soybean fields (0.167-0.284 ha.). During the sampling period from 7 August to 8 October in 2008, statistical significance of treatment was not found in any life stage of R. pedestris population. However, significantly higher parasitism of both natural (78-91%) and refrigerated eggs (36-59%) occurred in the treatment sites, compared with control sites where parasitism was 0-62% and 16-34% on natural and refrigerated eggs, respectively. The proportion of bean pods with stink bug feeding damage was significantly reduced by 47% in the treatment sites. This study is the first trial of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy using both nonviable host eggs and trap that simultaneously targets both the pest and its natural enemy.</P>

Changes in butterfly abundance in response to global warming and reforestation.

Kwon, Tae-Sung,Kim, Sung-Soo,Chun, Jung Hwa,Byun, Bong-Kyu,Lim, Jong-Hwan,Shin, Joon Hwan Entomological Society of America 2010 Environmental entomology Vol.39 No.2

<P>In the Republic of Korea, most denuded forest lands have been restored since the 1960s. In addition, the annual mean temperature in the Republic of Korea has increased approximately 1.0 degrees C during the last century, which is higher than the global mean increase of 0.74 degrees C. Such rapid environmental changes may have resulted in changes in the local butterfly fauna. For example, the number of butterflies inhabiting forests may have increased because of reforestation, whereas the number of butterflies inhabiting grasslands may have declined. Furthermore, the number of northern butterflies may have declined, whereas the number of southern butterflies may have increased in response to global warming. Therefore, we compared current data (2002 approximately 2007) regarding the abundance of butterfly species at two sites in the central portion of the Korean Peninsula to data from the late 1950s and early 1970s for the same sites. Changes in the abundance rank of each species between the two periods were evaluated to determine whether any patterns corresponded to the predicted temporal changes. The predicted changes in butterfly abundance were confirmed in this study. In addition, the results showed a different response to habitat change between northern and southern species. In northern butterfly species, butterflies inhabiting forests increased, whereas those inhabiting grasslands declined. However, the opposite was true when southern butterfly species were evaluated. Changes in the abundance indicate that habitat change may be one of the key factors related to the survival of populations that remain around the southern boundary of butterfly species.</P>

Predation, development, and oviposition by the predatory mite Amblyseius swirkii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on tomato russet mite (Acari: Eriophyidae).

Park, Hong-Hyun,Shipp, Les,Buitenhuis, Rosemarije Entomological Society of America [etc.] 2010 Journal of economic entomology Vol.103 No.3

<P>Predation, development, and oviposition experiments were conducted to evaluate Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) as a potential biological control agent for tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae), which can be a serious pest of greenhouse tomatoes. Results showed that A. swirskii attacked all developmental stages of A. lycopersici and had a type II functional response at the prey densities tested. The attack rate and handling time estimates from the random predator equation were 0.1289/h and 0.2320 h, respectively, indicating that A. swirskii can consume 103.4 individuals per day. Predation rates of A. swirskii on A. lycopersici in the presence of alternative food sources such as pollen, first-instar thrips, or whitefly eggs were 74, 56, and 76%, respectively, compared with the predation rate on A. lycopersici alone. A. swirskii successfully completed their life cycle on either A. lycopersici or cattail (Typha latifolia L.) pollen. At 25 degrees C and 70% RH, developmental time of female A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici or on cattail pollen was 4.97 and 6.16 d, respectively. For the first 10 d after molting to the adult stage, A. swirskii fed on A. lycopersici had higher daily oviposition rate (2.0 eggs per day) than on pollen (1.5 eggs per day). From this laboratory study, it can be concluded that A. swirskii has promising traits as a predator against A. lycopersici and that their populations can be maintained using alternative food sources such as cattail pollen. We suggest that the effectiveness of A. swirskii against A. lycopersici under field conditions needs next to be investigated.</P>

Nannophya pygmaea (Odonata: Libellulidae), an endangered dragonfly in korea, prefers abandoned paddy fields in the early seral stage.

Yoon, Jihyun,Nam, Jong Min,Kim, Heungtae,Bae, Yeon Jae,Kim, Jae Geun Entomological Society of America 2010 Environmental entomology Vol.39 No.2

<P>To characterize habitats of Nannophya pygmaea Rambur (the northern pygmyfly; Odonata: Lilbellulidae), which is endangered in Korea, we analyzed characteristics of surface water and soil, landscape properties, and vegetation types in 22 habitats in eight areas of Korea where nymphs of N. pygmaea have been found since 2005. We divided the habitats into two groups: DS (dwelling site) habitats, where N. pygmaea was observed at the time of the study, and PDS (past dwelling site) habitats, where N. pygmaea recently lived but is no longer found. The habitats were mostly located in former paddy fields on mountain slopes that have been abandoned for 3-7 yr. The main water sources for these habitats were ground water and surface runoff, and the water level was stable at 3-7 cm in depth. The habitats ranged from 300 to 1000 m(2) and were dominated by Juncus effusus, which formed tussock mounds. According to the hydrosere model of succession, N. pygmaea appeared mostly in the early stages of plant succession (the period approximately 3-7 yr after the initiation of succession in former paddy fields) and N. pygmaea preferred habitats displaying the water and soil characteristics that are typical of the early stages of succession in abandoned paddy fields. These results indicate that the primary habitats of N. pygmaea in Korea are recently abandoned paddy fields that are in an oligotrophic state. As succession proceeds in these habitats, N. pygmaea disappears. A habitat management program should be launched to conserve the habitats and populations of N. pygmaea.</P>