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Cysteinyl Cathepsins: Multifunctional Enzymes in Cardiovascular Disease
Xiang Li,Zexuan Liu,Zeen Cheng,Xian Wu Cheng 전남대학교 의과학연구소 2012 전남의대학술지 Vol.48 No.2
Until recently, the role of lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsins in intracellular protein degradation was believed to be mainly restricted to scavenging. However, recent studies have revealed nontraditional roles for cysteine protease cathepsins in the extracellular space during the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although the precise mechanisms are unknown, data from animal studies suggest that members of the cathepsin family, like other extracellular proteases, contribute to extracellular matrix protein remodeling and interstitial matrix degradation, as well as to cell signaling and cell apoptosis in heart disease. Inflammatory cytokines and hormones regulate the expression and secretion of cathepsins in cultured cardiovascular cells and macrophages. Serum levels of cathepsins L, S, and K and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C may be useful predictive biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and cardiac disease. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacological intervention with a synthetic cathepsin inhibitor and cardiovascular drugs (including statins and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists) has the potential for pharmacologic targeting of cathepsins in cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on cathepsin biology (structure, synthesis, processing, activation, secretion, activity regulation, and function)and the involvement of cysteinyl cathepsins in the pathogenesis of several heart and vessel diseases, especially with respect to their potential application as diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets to prevent inappropriate proteolysis in cardiovascular disease.
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JiaTong Li,WenBao Jia,DaQian Hei,Zeen Yao,Can Cheng 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.6
In this research, for improving the measurement performance of Prompt Gamma-ray Neutron ActivationAnalysis (PGNAA) set-up, a new optimization method for set-up design was proposed and investigated. At first, the calculation method for Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) was proposed. Since the SNR could becalculated and quantified accurately, the SNR was chosen as the evaluation parameter in the newoptimization method. For discussing the feasibility of the SNR optimization method, two kinds of PGNAAset-ups were designed in the MCNP code, based on the SNR optimization method and the previous signaloptimization method, respectively. Meanwhile, the single element spectra analysis method was proposed, and the analysis effect of single element spectra as well as element sensitivity were used forcomparing the measurement performance. Since the simulation results showed the better measurementperformance of set-up designed by SNR optimization method, the experimental set-ups were built forthe further testing, finally demonstrating the feasibility of the SNR optimization method for PGNAA setup design
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