Characterization of changes in global gene expression in the brain of neuron-specific enolase/human Tau23 transgenic mice in response to overexpression of Tau protein.

Woo, Jong-Min,Park, So Jung,Kang, Ho Il,Kim, Byoung Guk,Shim, Sun Bo,Jee, Seung Wan,Lee, Su Hae,Sin, Ji Soon,Bae, Chang Joon,Jang, Mee Kyung,Cho, Chunghee,Hwang, Dae Youn,Kim, Chuel Kyu D.A. Spandidos 2010 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE Vol.25 No.5

<P>Tau is a neuronal phosphoprotein responsible for the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease. To characterize the changes in global gene expression in the brain of transgenic mice that overexpress human Tau23 protein in response to the increase of Tau23 phosphorylation, total RNA extracted from the hippocampus of 12-month-old transgenic and wild-type mice was converted to cDNA, labeled with biotin and hybridized to oligonucleotide microarrays. The microarray results were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting method. It was determined that 43 genes were up-regulated and 8 genes were down-regulated by Tau23 in transgenic mice compared to controls, based on the arbitrary difference in the 2-fold change. Among the up-regulated transcripts, those encoding for transporter and oxidoreductase were dramatically over-represented, followed by those related to regulatory molecule, cytoskeletal protein, signaling molecule, and extracellular matrix protein. Genes encoding for transcription factor, regulatory molecule, miscellaneous function, and chaperone were significantly reduced in the down-regulated group. The major genes in the up-regulated categories included Ecrg4, Folr1, Defb11, Aqp1 and Soctdc1. The major genes in the down-regulated categories were Ncor1, Gpm6a, and Hspd1. These results indicate that the microarray analysis identifies several gene functional groups and individual genes that respond to a sustained increase in Tau23 phosphorylation levels in the brain of transgenic mice. In addition, the results suggest the microarray test is a useful tool for increased understanding of the role of Tau23 protein in regulating neurodegenerative disorders.</P>

GIS-based regional assessment of seismic site effects considering the spatial uncertainty of site-specific geotechnical characteristics in coastal and inland urban areas

Sun, Chang-Guk,Kim, Han-Saem Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2017 Geomatics, natural hazards and risk Vol.8 No.2

<P>Earthquake-induced hazards are profoundly affected by site effects related to the amplification of ground motions, which are strongly influenced by site-specific geologic conditions such as soil thickness, bedrock depth and soil stiffness. Seismic disasters are often more severe in coastal or riverside locations than over stiff soils or rocks due to differences in local site effects. In this study, a recently developed geographic information system-based framework was applied in coastal and inland urban areas in Korea, and its applicability for regional assessments was evaluated using appropriate geostatistical zonation of site-specific seismic site effects. The proposed framework was composed of four functional components: multivariable statistical clustering, geostatistical optimization, geotechnical analysis, and local visualization. The framework was applied in the Seoul and Busan areas of Korea for consideration of site effects in inland and coastal urban areas. Such zones of thick soil, or with a deep depth to bedrock, are susceptible to ground motion amplification due to site effects during earthquakes. The earthquake losses associated with possible building damage can be estimated based on spatial zoning maps considering geological and topographical characteristics and by a comparison of the spatial correlations of seismic site classes between inland and coastal areas of Korea.</P>

Significant Change of Stress-related Proteins and Gene Profile in the Liver of Long-term Ground Transported Animals

Sun Bo Shim,Se Hyun Lee,Dae Youn Hwang,Chuel Kyu Kim,Bung Guk Kim,Yong Kyu Kim,Seung Wan Jee,Su Hae Lee,Ji Soon Sin,Chang Jun Bae,Byoung Chun Lee,Mi Kyong Jang,Min Sun Kim,Su Youn Yim,Jung Sik Cho,Kab 한국실험동물학회 2007 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.23 No.1

The transportation stress cause rise in the levels of many hormones and proteins to maintain homeostasis in the laboratory animals. In order to study whether the stress induced by long-term ground transport could contribute to change in the stress-related protein and profile of stress-regulated gene expression, these factors were detected in the animals between before and after the ground transportation. Herein, it is concluded that; ⅰ) the transported mice significantly exhibited the increase of corticosterone concentration in serum. ⅱ) the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in the liver were significantly decreased in the transported animals. ⅲ) 372 and 272 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively, by stress in the long-term ground transported mice compare to the controls. ⅳ) genes encoding for immunity, signal transduction response and response to protein metabolism were significantly over-represented in the up-regulated group. ⅴ) among the down-regulated transcripts, those encoding for protein metabolism were dramatically over-represented, followed by those related to lipid metabolism and development process. These results suggested that the stress induced by ground transportation could significantly changed the level of stress-indicator hormone, proteins and gene profile in the mice. Therefor, the animal transported a long distance should be had the adaptation period to recover the normal physical state.

Development and Integration of Gmund Acceleration-Based Earthquake Alert Systems for Ports in Korea

Chang Guk Sun,Byung Sun Jung,In Seub Lim,Ki Seog Kim 한국지반공학회 2012 international journal of geo-engineering Vol.4 No.1

To establish the rational counterplan against earthquake for ports in Korea, first of all, data of earthquake motions on grounds and in facilities should be obtained and accumulated by operating the acceleration monitoring systems. The acceleration monitoring-based strategy for port is useful in not only rapid response during and after earthquake but also regional data accumulation for reliable seismic design. As part of national earthquake response system for the ports in Korea, first, local earthquake alert systems based on acceleration monitoring were developed and applied to 5 target ports, which were located near or in metropolitan and industrial areas. Acceleration monitoring systems in the target ports were installed at two facility sites composed of a soil site for facility and a rock site for referencing. To provide an intuitive and easy tool for the port staffs, we developed systematic earthquake alert software designed for decision-making against a seismic event and reporting for the ports. The earthquake alert software system, which alarms based on peak ground acceleration per second computed from the monitored data, was applied for thetarget ports. Main data including the peak ground acceleration and time history of acceleration are exported in near real time to a central server for integrating the local systems. The central server system was developed in this study not only to collect and synthesize the data monitored in the individual ports but also to link and share the collected data with various organizations, and would be useful as a framework at various coastal facilities.

Correlations Between Shear Wave Velocity and In-Situ Penetration Test Results for Korean Soil Deposits

Sun, Chang-Guk,Cho, Chang-Soo,Son, Minkyung,Shin, Jin Soo Springer-Verlag 2013 Pure and applied geophysics Vol.170 No.3

Real-time acceleration monitoring-based rapid earthquake response for ports in Korea

Sun, Chang-Guk,Kim, Han-Saem,Cho, Hyung-Ik,Jeong, Byung-Sun Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2018 Marine georesources & geotechnology Vol.36 No.5

<P>To establish viable earthquake counterplans for ports in Korea, data regarding earthquake motion on the ground and in buildings must be collected using acceleration monitoring systems. Acceleration monitoring-based strategies for port facilities are useful not only for ensuring rapid responses during and after earthquakes but also for regional data collection to assist reliable seismic design. Acceleration monitoring systems were installed at coastal facility sites in target ports, including a soil site to represent the facility and a rock site as a reference. The systematic earthquake alert software was designed to help them in decision-making about a possible seismic hazard and its reporting. The earthquake alert system was composed of two sequential functional software systems sharing an acceleration monitoring database applied to the target ports. The earthquake response software system triggers an alarm based on the peak ground acceleration per second computed from the monitored data. Then, the earthquake hazard estimation software system evaluates possible earthquake-induced site-specific geotechnical hazards linked to the peak ground acceleration. The integrated system was successfully operated and was able to rapidly provide an emergency report containing event records and geotechnical earthquake hazards during the September 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, the largest recorded earthquake in Korea.</P>

Phthalic Anhydride Can Induce the Difference on Skin Inflammation and Interleukin-4 Expression in BALB/c, TG2576 and NOD Mice

Chang Joon Bae,Min Sun Kim,Su Youn Yim,Dae Youn Hwang,Cheul Kyu Kim,Byoung Guk Kim,Sun Bo Shim,Seung Wan Jee,Su Hae Lee,Ji Soon Sin,Byoung Chun Lee,Jong Min Woo,Mee Kyung Jang,Kab Ryong Chae 한국실험동물학회 2008 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.24 No.1

Allergic disease such as atopic dermatitis, asthma and rhinitis is an immune disease characterized by the skin inflammation and the abnormal expression of cytokines including interleukin. It has been reported that the immune response is differently changed according to a kind of a chemical allergens or an inbred mouse strain. However, in preview studies, there have been no trials to elucidate an allergic response in the chronic diseases model. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether a phthalic anhydride (PA) as chemical allergen would impact on the immonological factors of several disease model such as TG2576 (Alzheimer’s disease model) or NOD (type I diabetes disease model). To accomplish this, the 15% (w/v) PA solution was repeatedly spread on the ear’s dorsum of three types of animals including BALB/c, TG2576 and NOD mice and the ear thickness of them was measured by vernier calipers for 12 days. After treatment, the immune response-related factors were detected in the lymph node of three kinds of mice, respectively. The ear thickness indicating degree of skin inflammation was significantly increased in the TG2576 and NOD mice compared with BALB/c mice. Also, interleukin-4 in auricular lymph node was significantly changed in the disease model mice. These findings suggest that the PA solution as chemical allergen can induce the difference on skin inflammation and interleukin-4 expression as the allergic-related immunological factors among the BALB/c, TG2576, NOD mice.

인홀 탄성파 시험을 이용한 암반의 동적 강성 평가

선창국 ( Chang Guk Sun ),강병수 ( Byung Soo Kang ),김영수 ( Young Su Kim ),목영진 ( Young Jin Mok ) 대한지질공학회 2005 지질공학 Vol.15 No.3

지반의 동적 강성은 내진 설계나 내진 성능 평가 외에도 구조물의 거동 평가에 필요한 중요한 지반 정수이다. 지난 수 십년 동안 이 물성을 효율적이고 정밀하게 측정하기 위해, 여러 가지 검측공 탄성파 시험 기법들이 개발 및 적용되어 왔다. 게다가, 최근 지하 공간의 개발 및 구조물의 대형화로 인해 암반 강성의 평가를 위한 신뢰성 있는 지반 조사 기법의 개발이 더욱 절실히 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 "인홀 탄성파 시험"으로 명명된 새로운 기법을 적용하여 구조물 기초 암반과 터널 막장 암반의 동적 강성을 측정하였다. 국내 여러 지역의 암반에서 수행한 인홀 시험 결과를 다른 탄성파 시험 결과와 비교함으로써 인홀 시험 기법의 신뢰도를 평가하고, 이 기법의 효율성과 정밀성을 입증하였다. Dynamic stiffness of subsurface materials is one of the most important geotechnical parameters in predicting deformational behavior of structures as well as practicing seismic design and performance evaluation. In an effort to measure the parameter efficiently and accurately, various borehole seismic testing techniques have been, thus, developed and used during past several decades. Moreover, recent rush of underground-space projects and increasing size of structures put more stress on reliable site investigation techniques in estimating stiffness of rock mass. In this paper, a new technique called "in-hole seismic test" has been implemented to measure the dynamic stiffness of rock masses at subsurface foundations and tunnel-faces. The reliance of in-hole seismic test was evaluated by comparing the testing results at several rock sites with those of other borehole techniques and the technique turns out to be an efficient and accurate in-situ testing technique.

역사 지진 피해 발생 읍성 지역에 대한 부지 고유의 지진 응답 특성 평가

선창국 ( Chang Guk Sun ),정충기 ( Choong Ki Chung ),김동수 ( Dong Soo Kim ),김재관 ( Jae Kwan Kim ) 대한지질공학회 2007 지질공학 Vol.17 No.1

역사 지진으로 인해 성첩이 붕괴되었던 국내 두 읍성 지역에 대한 국부적 부지 효과를 평가하기 위하여, 현장 시추 조사 및 탄성파 시험을 통해 전단파속도(Vs) 주상을 포함한 지반 특성을 결정하고 이를 토대로 등가 선형 기법의 부지 응답 해석을 수행하였다. 대상 부지는 심도 30 m까지의 평균 전단파속도가 500~850 m/s의 분포를 보임에 따라 지반 분류 C와 B로 구분되었고, 부지 고유주기는 성벽과 성첩의 고유주기를 포함하는 범위인 0.06~0.16초의 단주기 분포를 보였다. 대상 영역에서의 부지 응답 해석 결과, 지반 분류 B와는 달리 대부분의 부지 조건인 지반 분류 C의 경우 부지 고유 지진 응답 특성인 단주기에서의 큰 증폭으로 인해, 국내 내진 설계 기준의 단주기(0.1~0.5초) 증폭계수 Fa와 중장주기(0.4~2.0초) 증폭계수 Fv는 각각 지반 운동을 단주기 영역에서는 과소평가하고 중장주기 영역에서는 과대평가함을 확인하였다. 이러한 부지 고유 응답 특성은 단주기 고유 응답을 보이는 성벽 구조물이 지진 발생 시 공진이 발생할 가능성이 높음을 의미하며, 그에 따라 역사 지진 피해 사례인 성첩 붕괴의 지배적인 영향 인자로서 작용했을 것으로 판단된다. In order to evaluate the local site effects at two town fortress areas in Korea where stone parapets were collapsed by historical earthquakes, site characteristics were assessed using site investigations such as borehole drillings and seismic tests. Equivalent-linear site response analyses were conducted based on the shear wave velocity (VS) profiles and geotechnical characteristics determined from site investigations. The study sites are categorized as site classes C and B according to the mean VS to 30 m ranging from 500 to 850 m/s, and their site periods are distributed in the short period range of 0.06 to 0.16 sec, which contains the natural period of fortress wall and stone parapet. From the results of site response analyses in the study areas, for site class C indicating most of site conditions, contrary to site class B, the short-period (0.1-0.5 sec) and mid-period (0.4-2.0 sec) site coefficients, Fa and Fv specified in the Korean seismic design guide, underestimate the ground motion in short-period band and overestimate the ground motion in mid-period band, respectively, due to the high amplification in short period range, which represent the site-specific seismic response characteristics. These site-specific response characteristics indicate the potential of resonance in fortress walls during earthquake and furthermore could strongly affect the collapse of parapets resulted from seismic events in historical records.

논문 : 이차원 지반 유한요소 모델링을 통한 사면상부 지진지반운동의 지표면 지형효과 분석

선창국 ( Chang Guk Sun ),방기호 ( Ki Ho Bang ),조완제 ( Wan Jei Cho ) 대한지질공학회 2015 지질공학 Vol.25 No.2

지진지반운동 증폭을 야기하는 부지효과는 지하 토사 조건과 구조뿐만 아니라 지표 지형에 의해 지대한 영향을 받는다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내에서는 최근 수십 년에 걸쳐 주로 지질 및 토사 조건과 관련된 부지고유 지진응답 연구들이 대부분을 차지해 왔으며, 이러한 국부 지질 효과는 잘 정립되어 현행 국내 내진설계기준들에 반영되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 현행 국내 내진설계기준에서는 고려되고 있지 않은 지표 지형효과 평가의 일환으로, 세 가지 다른 경사각 조건의 유한요소 지반 모델링을 통한 이차원 지진 부지응답 해석을 수행하였다. 이차원 유한요소 해석 결과인 최대 지반가속도와 가속도 응답스펙트럼을 추가적으로 수행한 일차원 유한요소 해석 결과와 비교하였다. 최대 지반가속도와 스펙트럴가속도는 대부분의 사면상부 영역에서 지형효과로 인해 이차원이 일차원 해석에 비해 크게 나타났다. Site effects resulting in the amplification of earthquake ground motion are strongly influenced not only by the subsurface soil conditions and structure, but also by the surface topography. Yet, over the last several decades, most studies of site-specific seismic responses in Korea have focused primarily on the seismic amplification associated with geologic and soil conditions. For example, the effects of local geology are now well established and have been incorporated into current Korean seismic design codes, whereas topographic effects have not been considered. To help address this shortcoming, two-dimensional (2D) seismic site response analyses, using finite element (FE) ground modeling with three different slope angles, were performed in order to assess the site effects of surface topography. We then compared our results, specifically peak ground acceleration (PGA) and acceleration response spectrum, to those of one-dimensional (1D) FE model analyses conducted alongside our study. Throughout much of the upper slope region, PGAs and spectral accelerations are larger in the 2D analyses than in the 1D analyses as a result of the topographic effect.