Reevaluation of the Metabolic Essentiality of the Minerals - Review -

Spears, J.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.6

Essential metabolic functions have been identified for seven macrominerals (calcirum, phosprorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur), and eight microminerals (cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc). Major functions for each of these minerals are summarized. Considerable research suggests that chromium is also essential and that it functions by facilitating insulin activity. Studies are reviewed which indicate that chromium supplementation of animal diets may: 1) increase glucose removal from blood, 2) reduce carcass fat and increase lean in nonruminants, 3) alter egg cholesterol content, and 4) enhance immunity and disease resistance in ruminants. A number of other minerals including nickel, boron, vanadium, arsenic, silicon, lithum, and lead have been reported to be essential, but specific metabolic functions have not been defined for any of these elements. Limited research in poultry suggests that boron may be of practical significance in some instances.

Eliot’s Exilic Imagination

Jewel Spears Brooker 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2015 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.25 No.3

T. S. Eliot, like Conrad, Joyce, Pound, Beckett, and other greats of his generation, had an exilic imagination. Displaced from the country of their birth, they were conscious of being strangers in an uneasy world. This essay outlines Eliot’s sense of displacement and homelessness from 1914 to the late 1950s, with emphasis on the effect that the impulse to return had on his major poems. The Waste Land is a poem of personal and cultural exile, Ash-Wednesday is an ode expressing both the pain of exile and the hope of return, and Four Quartets is a composition that reconfigures exile as a life-long spiritual odyssey.

The War Within: Feeling and Intellect in Early Eliot

Jewel Spears Brooker 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2009 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.19 No.2

T. S. Eliot’s career began with a struggle between poetry and philosophy. The agon featured Dante, whose work informed Eliot’s earliest poems, and F. H. Bradley, whose thought was the subject of his Ph.D. thesis. Eliot’s most detailed discussion of the connection between poetry and philosophy is contained in his 1926 Clark Lectures at Cambridge University, published as Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry. He defines the “philosophic poet” in Bradleyean terms as one who “enlarges immediate experience” by “drawing within the orbit of feeling and sense what had existed only in thought” (VMP 55,51). Philosophic poetry is work of the “highest intensity, in which the thought is fused into poetry at a very high temperature” (VMP 50). Eliot argues that Dante’s poetry perfectly illustrates the integration of feeling and intelligence, both in life and in art. In this paper, I explore Eliot’s attempt to negotiate the claims of philosophy and poetry, as represented by Bradley and Dante, and his ultimate decision to abandon a promising career in philosophy for a tenuous career in poetry. Eliot’s ambition of becoming a “philosophic poet,” combining Bradley and Dante, was realized in his Dantean sequences Ash-Wednesday and Four Quartets.

The Ties that Bind in The Elder Statesman

Jewel Spears Brooker 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2010 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.20 No.2

A major theme of Eliot’s work is the difficulty of genuine and lasting human connection. Connection can be based on a positive (love) or a negative (guilt). The thesis of this essay is that certain shared actions constitute a tie that binds―especially shared actions that have been concealed, secrets kept between two guilty parties. Complicity in such actions binds partners together socially, psychologically, and morally. “Friendships” based on shared secret sins last for a lifetime; they can be denied, but they cannot be nullified, and finally, they must be acknowledged in public. In The Elder Statesman, crime, sex, and blood (family) are the ties that bind.

What T. S. Eliot Learned from Dante

Jewel Spears Brooker 한국T.S.엘리엇학회 2011 T.S. 엘리엇 연구 Vol.21 No.2

Dante is one of those poets, Eliot once said, that one only grows up to at the end of one’s life. In Eliot’s work, growing up to (learning from) his Italian master has three primary dimensions. The first is psychological, and it has to do with a perception, in reading, of feelings and ideas as unified. The second is aesthetic, and it has to do with poetry, with understanding how to achieve such unification in art. And the third is moral, and it has to do with social and spiritual unification through the cultivation of humility.

Connectivity of Collaborative Robots in Partially Observable Domains

Suranga Hettiarachchi,PaulM. Maxim,William M. Spears,Diana F. Spears 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10

Collaborative information processing is vital for a swarm of robots tasked with many different applications. Swarm connectivity is necessary for achieving good collaboration. Our approach to this is a physics-based autonomous robot framework that acts as a distributed mobile sensor network that is capable of maintaining high connectivity during self-organization and movement. The framework, called Physicomimetics, is a robust control scheme built on local interactions between the robots, making it highly scalable, adaptive, and cost effective. This paper presents connectivity results of mobile sensor networks on two partially observable domains ?formation movement through obstacle fields and the self-organization of chain formations.

MACROECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT AND EXTERNAL DEPENDENCY IN SUB - SAHARAN AFRICA

NAGARAJAN, P.,SPEARS, A. 한국국제경제학회 1990 International Economic Journal Vol.4 No.4

This paper examines the behavioral parameters of the IS equations for eight countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical results show an overall destabilizing effect rooted in the parameters of the IS functions. The study lends support to the view that recourse to external financing, to balance the I-S gap in the short-run. leads LDCs economies into a state of structural dependency on foreign capital, entailing a reduction in domestic capital formation and growth through an increased reliance on imports and an inefficient allocation of domestic savings.

DIETARY SILICA EFFECTS ON MINERAL METABOLISM IN LAMBS

Prabowo, Akhmad,Spears, J.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.2

Eighteen wether lambs averaging 32 kg were used to determine the effects of dietary silica, added as silicic acid, on mineral metabolism. Lambs were fed 1200 g daily of a coastal Bermuda grass based diet supplemented with either 0, .5 or 1.5% silicic acid. A 7-d total collection of urine and feces was conducted after lambs had adjusted to the dietary treatments for 19 days. Urinary excretion of silica was higher (p<.01) in lambs fed added silicic acid. Ruminal soluble concentrations of manganese tended to be lower (p<.10) and apparent absorption and retention of manganese were lower (p<.05) in lambs supplemented with silicic acid compared to control lambs. Apparent absorption and retention of calcium were slightly lower (p<.10) in silicic acid fed lambs. No differences in urinary between lambs fed .5 and those given 1.5% silicic acid. Phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper absorption and retention were not affected by treatment.

Effect of Copper Source (Cupric Citrate vs Cupric Sulfate) and Level on Growth Performance and Copper Metabolism in Pigs

Armstrong, T.A.,Spears, J.W.,van Heugten, E.,Engle, T.E.,Wright, C.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.8

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cupric citrate (Cu-citrate) relative to cupric sulfate $(CuSO_4)$ as a Cu source for weanling and grow-finish pigs. In addition, the use of liver and bile Cu concentrations as indices of the bioavailability of Cu sources was investigated. Experiment one consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.4 kg, final BW=21.4 kg) followed by a grow-finish phase (103 d; initial BW=21.5 kg, final BW=111.7 kg). Experiment two only consisted of a nursery phase (35 d; initial BW=6.3 kg, final BW=18.6 kg). Dietary treatments were identical for both experiments and consisted of: control (10 ppm $CuSO_4$); control+66 or 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; control+33, 66, or 100 ppm Cu-citrate. An antibiotic was included in diets for Exp. 1 but not Exp. 2. In both experiments, growth performance variables were similar for pigs receiving Cu-citrate and $CuSO_4$; however, growth performance was not improved by high concentrations of $CuSO_4$. Liver and bile Cu were increased (p<0.05) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$; however, lower dietary concentrations of Cu from either $CuSO_4$ or Cu-citrate did not affect the Cu concentration of liver or bile relative to that observed in the control pigs. Irrespective of Cu source, there was no linear (p>0.10) increase in plasma Cu with increasing Cu concentrations in the diet for both experiments. However, the plasma Cu concentrations were highest (p<0.10) in pigs receiving diets supplemented with 225 ppm $CuSO_4$. Sixteen randomly chosen pigs per treatment in Exp. 1 were continued through the grow-finish phase. Body weight gain and feed intake were improved (p<0.10) by 66 ppm $CuSO_4$, but other dietary Cu treatments did not alter pig performance compared to the control diet. Plasma Cu concentrations were increased (p<0.10) by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ in the growing phase and by 225 ppm $CuSO_4$ and 100 ppm Cu-citrate in the finishing phase. These data reveal no consistent effect of $CuSO_4$ on performance; therefore, it is difficult to assess the efficacy of these two Cu sources. In addition, these studies demonstrate that liver and bile Cu are not good indicators of Cu bioavailability in pigs fed adequate to pharmacological concentrations of Cu.

Effects of Dietary Zinc on Performance and Immune Response of Growing Pigs Inoculated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Roberts, E.S.,Heugten, E. van,Spears, J.W.,Routh, P.A.,Lloyd, K.L.,Almond, G.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.10

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Zn level on performance, serum Zn concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and immune response of pigs inoculated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized design. Factors included; 1) PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae inoculation (n=36 pigs) or sham inoculation (n=36 pigs) with media when pigs entered the grower facility (d 0) at 9 weeks of age and 2) 10, 50, 150 ppm supplemental Zn sulfate (${ZnSO}_4$) from weaning until the completion of the study, or 2,000 ppm supplemental ${ZnSO}_4$for two weeks in the nursery and then supplementation with 150 ppm ${ZnSO}_4$for the remainder of the trial. The basal diet contained 34 ppm Zn. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 10, 17, 24 and 31 and blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Pigs inoculated with PRRSv were serologically positive at d 28 and control pigs remained negative to PRRSv. In contrast, the M hyopneumoniae inoculation was inconsistent with 33.3% and 52.8% of pigs serologically positive at d 28 in the control and infected groups, respectively. A febrile response was observed for approximately one week after inoculation with PRRSv. Feed intake (p<0.01) and gain (p<0.1) were less in PRRSv infected pigs than control pigs for the 31 d study. However, performance did not differ among pigs in the four levels of ${ZnSO}_4$. Assessments of immune responses failed to provide unequivocal influence of either PRRSv inoculation or ${ZnSO}_4$level. These data suggest that PRRSv and M. hyopneumoniae act to produce some performance deficits and the influence of Zn supplementation of nursery age pigs does not have clear effect in grower pigs affected with disease.