ON SOLUTIONS AND STABILITY OF A GENERALIZED QUADRATIC EQUATION ON NON-ARCHIMEDEAN NORMED SPACES

Mohammad Janfada,Rahele Shourvarzi 한국전산응용수학회 2012 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.30 No.5

In this paper we study general solutions and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the following function equation on non-Archimedean Banach spaces. It will be proved that this equation is equivalent to the so-called quadratic functional equation. [수식] for k ≥ 2, on non-Archimedean Banach spaces. It will be proved that this equation is equivalent to the so-called quadratic functional equation.

ON SOLUTIONS AND STABILITY OF A GENERALIZED QUADRATIC EQUATION ON NON-ARCHIMEDEAN NORMED SPACES

Janfada, Mohammad,Shourvarzi, Rahele The Korean Society for Computational and Applied M 2012 Journal of applied mathematics & informatics Vol.30 No.5

In this paper we study general solutions and generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the following function equation $$f(x-\sum^{k}_{i=1}x_i)+(k-1)f(x)+(k-1)\sum^{k}_{i=1}(x_i)=f(x-x_1)+\sum^{k}_{i=2}f(x_i-x)+\sum^{k}_{i=1}\sum^{k}_{j=1,j > i}f(x_i+x_j)$$. for $k{\geq}2$, on non-Archimedean Banach spaces. It will be proved that this equation is equivalent to the so-called quadratic functional equation.

Competitive adsorption of arsenic and mercury on nano-magnetic activated carbons derived from hazelnut shell

Mojtaba Zabihi,Omidvar Maryam,Alireza Motavalizadehkakhky,Rahele Zhiani 한국화학공학회 2022 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.39 No.2

Magnetic activated carbons (AC) derived from hazelnut shell using the chemical activation method with ZnCl2 and KOH were prepared in the present work. The adsorption performance of the magnetic sorbents was evaluated for the removal of mercury and arsenic ions in the binary solutions, and the interference of ions with each other during the adsorption process was investigated. The synthesized adsorbents were characterized using XRD, FTIR, BET, XRF, FESEM, TGA and VSM. The XRD results indicated that the small iron oxide crystallites, including goethite and magnetite, were detected on the hazelnut shell-based AC activated by ZnCl2. The extended Langmuir and the modified competitive Langmuir isotherms were applied to fit the competitive adsorption of Hg (II) and As (V) ions using genetic algorithm (GA). The experimental data were in good agreement with the extended Langmuir equation, while the correlation coefficient was measured close to 1. The highest adsorption capacity was calculated to be 80 and 39.31 mg/g for mercury and arsenic ions on the magnetic sample activated by ZnCl2, respectively. The kinetic behavior of carbonaceous adsorbents was studied using pseudo-first and second-order models. The effect of various operating conditions was investigated on the competitive adsorption of metal ions.

Preachers, pirates and peace-building: Examining non-violent hegemonic masculinities in Aceh

Rahel Kunz,Henri Myrttinen,Wening Udasmoro 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2018 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.24 No.3

With respect to research on violent conflict, violent masculinities and masculinities linked to military or military-style organizations have received considerable attention. Such forms of violent masculinity are often seen as hegemonic. Based on our research in Aceh, Indonesia, we suggest that the conflation of hegemonic forms of masculinity with militarization and violence overlooks the many ways in which civilian men use political mechanisms of hegemonic masculinity to create consent while remaining explicitly non-violent and thus contribute to non-violent ways of managing conflict. Drawing on vignettes of Acehnese men’s experiences, we identify three strategies of conflict prevention and management to achieve relative hegemony in non-violent ways: strategic appeasement, creating safe spaces and transforming militarized masculinities. The ways in which these men participate in peace-building contribute to reducing violence, yet do not necessarily challenge hegemonic masculinities. Our case study of conflict-related masculinities in Aceh paints a nuanced picture of what comes to be seen as hegemonic in a given society at a given point in time and what can be contested. We demonstrate the importance of understanding conflict management through an approach that includes non-violent forms of masculinities and focuses on hegemonic masculinity as a political mechanism of consent creation.

Exogenous Stimulation of Human Intervertebral Disc Cells in 3-Dimensional Alginate Bead Culture With BMP2 and L51P: Cytocompatibility and Effects on Cell Phenotype

Rahel D. May,Daniela A. Frauchiger,Christoph E. Albers,Willy Hofstetter,Benjamin Gantenbein 대한척추신경외과학회 2020 Neurospine Vol.17 No.1

Objective: Spinal fusion surgery is a common treatment modality for various pathologic conditions of the spine. The bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) analogue L51P acts as a general inhibitor of BMP antagonists, whereas it shows a weak affinity for BMP type I receptor. It is suggested that L51P applied in bone disorders might prevent side effects of highly concentrated BMP dosage applications in the order of milligrams. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of L51P and BMP2 on intervertebral disc cells (IVDCs), i.e. on nucleus pulposus cells, on annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs), and on cartilaginous endplate cells (CEPCs), respectively, in 3-dimensional (3D) culture. Methods: Low-passage primary IVDCs were cultured in 3D alginate bead culture and exposed to 100-ng/mL BMP2 and/or L51P for 21 days. Here, we analyzed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content and further performed gene expression analysis for major matrix genes. Results: AFCs and cartilaginous CEPCs stimulated with each 100-ng/mL L51P and BMP2, showed a significant upregulation in GAG (AFCs: p=0.00347 and CEPCs: p=0.0115) and DNA production (AFCs: p=0.0182 and CEPCs: p=0.0179) compared to control. Conclusion: These results allow first insights into the behavior of IVDCs upon L51P stimulation.

10세기 고려의 대외관계와 과거제도의 시행

플라센 라헬 ( Rahel Plassen ) 서울대학교 국사학과 2021 韓國史論 Vol.67 No.-

본 논문은 10세기 고려의 과거제도 시행을 재조명하였다. 기존 연구에서 과거제도의 시행 목표를 일관되게 ‘왕권 강화’로 설명하였다. 그러나 이는 구체적인 설명이 되지 못할 뿐만 아니라, 국내적인 의미만을 염두에 둔 이해방식이다. 동시에 과거제도의 시행 자체가 유발하는 의문도 있다. 광종대는 왜 소수의 급제자만을 선발하였는가? 이들은 왜 광종대에 의미 있는 관직을 역임하지 못한 것으로 보이는가? ‘왕권 강화’를 위해 여러 개혁을 단행한 것으로 알려진 광종대는 외교를 활발히 펼친 시기이기도 하다. 광종은 오대십국 시기의 여러 국가와 ‘전방위적 외교’를 펼쳤으며, 이 사실은 당시의 국제관계의 중요성에 대해 새롭게 주목하게 한다. 10세기는 당의 멸망으로 인해 다수의 황제국이 세워진 시기이다. 광종대의 여러 개혁과 제도 시행은 황제국의 표방과 보조를 같이한 것이었다. 이에 논문의 1장에서는 광종의 전방위적 외교와 황제국 체제의 수립을 연결지어 검토하였다. 여기에 과거제도가 핵심적인 역할을 하였다. 외교문서의 작성과 전달이 중요해진 시기에 이를 담당할 인재들은 줄어든 상태였다. 광종대 쌍기의 주도하에 치러진 과거 시험과목을 살펴보면, 당시 제술과는 四六騈儷體의 작성 능력을 시험하였는데, 이는 국내 공문서와 외교문서에 대표적으로 쓰이던 문체였다. 2장의 핵심 논점은 외교문서 작성 역량이 과거제도를 통해 길러질 수 있었다는 점이다. 광종은 당시의 인적 수요를 관료 선발을 통해 자체적으로 해결할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 10세기 후반 과거제도의 운영은 당시 당면한 외교 과제와 상호작용적인 관계에 있다. 이러한 관점에서 보았을 때, 대송 관계에서 과거급제자들의 역할에 새로운 의미를 도출할 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라, 광종대 송과의 관계를 살펴보면 966년에서 972년까지는 교류가 없었다. 그런데 바로 이 시기에 고려에서 과거제도의 시행도 정체되었다. 이 사실은 과거제도가 오로지 국내적인 요인에 의해서 영향을 받은 것이 아니라는 점을 잘 보여준다. 송의 중원 통일을 계기로 재시행된 과거제도 역시 위와 같은 해석을 뒷받침해 준다. 마지막으로 지공거에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이를 통해서 쌍기, 왕융과 같은 귀화인의 역할이 광종 초기의 과거를 넘어서 성종대 말까지 이어졌다는 점을 제시할 수 있었다. 또 10세기 후반, 성종 16년을 기점으로 지공거의 역임 시 관직이 변화한다는 점을 알 수 있다. 이 시점에서 과거제도가 다른 방향성을 가지게 되었다는 것을 엿볼 수 있다. 위와 같은 사실들은 광종이 과거제도의 시행을 통해 추진한 외교 역량의 강화를 보여준다. 이렇게 국제 관계를 함께 고려했을 때, 10세기 과거제도에 대한 새로운 이해가 가능한 것으로 보인다. This article reinvestigates the establishment of the examination system under King Gwangjong (r. 949-975) in the light of 10^th century diplomatic relations. As the fourth ruler of the newly founded Goryeo dynasty, Gwangjong conducted a series of reforms that have been interpreted as designed to strengthen royal power. Reasonable as this assumption may appear, the relatively small number of graduates as well as their rather modest role under the king’s reign suggest that it does not sufficiently explain the function of the examination system during his times. As recent research has shown, Gwangjong’s rule can be characterized by active engagement in diplomacy. He maintained diplomatic relations with the Five Dynasties as well as the Ten Kingdoms. After the collapse of the Tang dynasty, a power vacuum on the mainland allowed for the formation of several states, not few of them imitating the Great Tang imperial state. Hence, the first part of this article aims at discerning Gwangjong’s imperial ambitions. Formally accepting investiture, he effectively positioned Goryeo as an equal player on par with the Chinese states. In his effort to further increase Goryeo’s prestige, Gwangjong seems to have faced a shortage of capable diplomats. Until the downfall of Tang, the Silla kingdom sent students abroad, making them attend the imperial examinations for foreign visitors. Educated in the “four-six parallel ornate style” (saryukbyeollyeoche, 四六騈儷體), those who returned were qualified for writing official documents. During Gwangjong’s times, the state could no longer rely solely on this reservoir of talents. By introducing the examination system, Gwangjong established an institution that would provide him with officials capable of writing state documents. The second part of this paper focuses on this particular function of the examination system, tracing its development throughout the second half of the 10^th century. The first successful candidates initially seem not to have played any significant role in civil service. Only some 20 years later, under King Seongjong (r. 981-997), their names appear among the roster of higher ranking officials. An analysis of their career paths, however, discloses their importance in the field of diplomacy. The Goryeo-Song relationship seems to have exerted direct influence on the frequency with which the examinations were conducted. When the exchange of envoys was sparse, the examinations came to a halt, too. Lastly, changes in the background of the examiners (jigonggeo, 知貢擧) have to be taken into account. For decades, those appointed examiners were selected from the ranks of the Hallim (翰林) scholars. This changed at the end of the 10th century, when the diplomatic equation was altered fundamentally by the Khitan expansion. Even based on the aforementioned observations, it might be biased to claim that the examination system was established for diplomatic purposes only. Nevertheless, a consideration of Gwangjong’s imperial policies and the international relations of the 10^th century can help to shed some new light on an ancient institution.

Agronomic management options to enhance adoption of maize–common bean–common bean sequential intercropping in southern Ethiopia

Walelign Worku,Degu Temeche,Rahel Gossa,Berhanu Abate 한국작물학회 2021 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.24 No.3

Achieving food security is a prime strategic goal for many developing countries where subsistence smallholder farming is dominant. It is crucial to study and improve existing cropping systems and develop novel ones for enhanced production and efcient resource use. Experiment was conducted to identify compatible density and spatial arrangement for frst associated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under maize (Zea mays L.)–common bean–common bean sequential intercropping. Factorial combination of four bean densities and three bean arrangements was tested in randomized complete block design. Greater maize yields were obtained from 25 and 50% bean densities and from single-row and within-row arrangements. Single-row arrangement at any bean density and low to moderate densities at any arrangement maintained maize performance. Density by arrangement interaction indicated that increasing bean density enhanced competitive ability and productivity of bean under double-row and within-row arrangements. Greater maize partial land equivalent ratio (LER) of 0.90 and 0.92 were obtained at lower densities of 25 and 50%, respectively, and at single-row arrangement (0.93). Interaction of density with arrangement on total LER showed that moderate densities either in single- or double-row arrangement gave higher intercrop advantages up to a maximum of 59%. Mean net beneft from intercropping exceeded those from sole maize by 30% and from bean–bean double sole crop by 16%. Net beneft among intercrops did not vary signifcantly and this would allow farmers to make choice depending on their crop priority and their resources such as farm size, labor and crop management techniques.