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Sensory difference tests: Overdispersion and warm-up
Angulo, O.,Lee, H.S.,O'Mahony, M. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2007 Food quality and preference Vol.18 No.2
For sensory difference tests, one way, but not the only way, of dealing with the problem of overdispersion is to use a beta-binomial analysis. Commonly, binomial statistical analyses are used for these methods and they assume that the sensitivity of the judges is uniform. However, judge sensitivity varies and this adds a problematical extra variance to the distribution. This is termed overdispersion and renders simple binomial analysis prone to Type I error. The distribution of sensitivity of the judges is described by a beta-distribution. The analysis, combining beta and binomial distributions, gives an index, gamma. This ranges from zero, for no overdispersion, to unity, for total overdispersion. A compact beta-distribution clustered around the mean of the binomial distribution, would add little extra variance and elicit minimum distortion of the binomial distribution, yielding a zero or near zero gamma value. A more scattered or even bimodal beta-distribution would have a substantial effect and yield a significant gamma value. One question that has been posed is whether some test methods are more prone to overdispersion than others. Yet, a consideration of the reasons for overdispersion would suggest that significant gamma values were more a result of obtaining a heterogenous sample of sensitive and insensitive judges by chance. To confirm this, 'less sensitive' and 'more sensitive' samples of judges performed 2-AFC and 3-AFC tests with resulting zero gamma values, indicating no overdispersion. However, when the less and more sensitive groups were combined, significant gamma values were obtained, indicating the presence of overdispersion. However, in a further experiment using 2-AFC tests, when the 'less sensitive' group had its sensitivity increased by a 'warm-up' procedure, combination with the 'more sensitive' group did not result in overdispersion.
Some New Approaches to Consumer Acceptance Measurement as a Guide to Marketing
Hye-Seong Lee,Michael O’"Mahony 한국식품과학회 2007 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.16 No.6
The potential impact of the methods of sensory science on consumer testing and marketing is reviewed. Areas such as predicting purchase behavior, new approaches to scaling, and cross cultural effects are discussed. An example of the complexity of sensory measurement used to obtain consumer and marketing information is highlighted, using the simple paired preference test as an example.
'Different-stimulus' scaling errors; effects of scale length
Park, J.Y.,O'Mahony, M.,Kim, K.O. Longman Scientific Technical ; Elsevier Science Pu 2007 Food quality and preference Vol.18 No.2
Using a Rank-Rating protocol and a traditional protocol whereby stimuli could not be re-tasted nor the scores be reviewed and modified, judges' performance on category and line scales of intensity, in terms of the number of 'different-stimulus' scaling errors, was compared. A different stimulus scaling error was defined as giving a perceptually more intense stimulus an equal or lower score than a perceptually less intense stimulus. The scales compared were 9- and 20-point category scales and 10 and 20cm line scales. The stimuli were beef flavored soups of varying saltiness and orange flavored gelatin cubes of varying sweetness. There was a tendency for longer scales (20-point category, 20cm line) to yield fewer 'different-stimulus' scaling errors than the shorter scales (9-point category, 10cm line).
Role of Regulatory Cells in Oral Tolerance
Marcin Wawrzyniak,Liam O`Mahony,Mübeccel Akdis 대한천식알레르기학회 2017 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.9 No.2
The immune system is continuously exposed to great amounts of different antigens from both food and intestinal microbes. Immune tolerance to these antigens is very important for intestinal and systemic immune homeostasis. Oral tolerance is a specific type of peripheral tolerance induced by exposure to antigen via the oral route. Investigations on the role of intestinal immune system in preventing hypersensitivity reactions to innocuous dietary and microbial antigens have been intensively performed during the last 2 decades. In this review article, we discuss how food allergens are recognized by the intestinal immune system and draw attention to the role of regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells in the establishment of oral tolerance and tolerogenic features of intestinal dendritic cells. We also emphasize the potential role of tonsils in oral tolerance induction because of their anatomical location, cellular composition, and possible usage to develop novel ways of specific immunotherapy for the treatment of allergic diseases.
Identification of a Prophage-encoded Abortive Infection System in Levilactobacillus brevis
( Marine Feyereisen ),( Jennifer Mahony ),( Tadhg O Sullivan ),( Viktor Boer ),( Douwe Van Sinderen ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2020 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.48 No.3
Abortive infection systems (Abi) are phage resistance systems that can be prophage-encoded. Here, two genes encoding an Abi system were identified on a prophage sequence contained by the chromosome of the Levilactobacillus brevis strain UCCLBBS124. This Abi system is similar to the two-component AbiL system encoded by Lactococcus lactis biovar. diacetylactis LD10-1. The UCCLBBS124 prophage-derived Abi system (designated here as AbiL124) was shown to exhibit specific activity against phages infecting L. brevis and L. lactis strains. Expression of the AbiL124 system was shown to cause reduction in the efficiency of plaquing and cell lysis delay for phages of both species.