Estimation of Rumen Microbial Protein Supply Using Urinary Purine Derivatives Excretion in Crossbred Calves Fed at Different Levels of Feed Intake

Singh, M.,Sharma, K.,Dutta, N.,Singh, P.,Verma, A.K.,Mehra, U.R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.10

A study was carried out to study the response of total purine derivatives (PD) excretion in urine to determine microbial N (MN) supply at four fixed levels of feed intake (namely 95, 80, 60 and 40% of voluntary intake). The crossbred (CB) calves were allocated according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design and fed wheat straw and concentrate (1:1). The rate of PD excretion (mmol/d) as a linear function of feed intake was 15.85/kg DMI and 20.12/kg DOMI. Based on the endogenous and PD excretion rates obtained in this study, a relationship between daily urinary PD excretion (Y, mmol) and daily microbial protein supply (X, mmol) was developed for crossbred calves as Y = 0.83X+0.296 kg $W^{0.75}$. The derived microbial N values using this equation differed (p<0.001) among the 4 groups and was the highest in L-95 followed by L-80, L-60 and L-40. The relationship between urinary nitrogen loss (Y, g/d) and DOMI (X, kg/d) was established as: Y = 6.038X+21.753 ($r^2$ = 0.663, p<0.01). When urinary excretion of PD (Y, mmol/d) was plotted against intake of DM and DOM (X, kg/d), the equations obtained were: Y = 7.1711X+8.674 ($r^2$ = 0.889, p<0.01) and Y = 12.434X+7.683 ($r^2$ = 0.896, p<0.01), respectively. The proportional contribution of allantoin and uric acid to total PD remained stable irrespective of level of feed intake. Similarly, urinary excretion of creatinine did not differ (p>0.05) between animals fed at different levels. The MN supply was the highest to animals at intake levels L-95, and decreased linearly with corresponding decrease in feed intake. However, the MN supply when expressed per kg DOMI remained statistically (p>0.05) similar irrespective of level of intake. The results revealed that the excretion of urinary purine derivatives were positively correlated with the level of feed intake as well as rumen microbial supply and thus it could be a good indicator for measuring the microbial protein supply and nutritional status of animals.

Outcomes of Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Unilateral Versus Bilateral Interbody Cages

Conor P. Lynch,Elliot D.K. Cha,Augustus J. Rush III,Caroline N. Jadczak,Shruthi Mohan,Cara E. Geoghegan,Kern Singh 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.4

Objective: To assess the impact of bilateral versus unilateral interbody cages on outcomes for minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS TLIF) procedures. Methods: A retrospective review for primary, elective, single-level MIS TLIF procedures with bilateral posterior instrumentation from 2008–2020 was performed. Patients were grouped according to unilateral or bilateral interbody cage use. Procedures performed without static interbody cages or indicated for trauma, infection, malignancy were excluded. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) included visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index, 12-item Short Form health survey physical composite score (SF-12 PCS), Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System physical function (PROMIS-PF). PROs were collected preoperatively and postoperatively. Change in PROs (Δ) was calculated and compared between groups. Achievement of minimum clinically important difference (MCID) was calculated using established values from the literature. Achievement rates were compared between groups using logistic regression. Results: The study included 151 patients, with 111 unilateral and 40 bilateral cage placements. Charlson Comorbidity Index, diabetes, and insurance status differed between groups (p<0.050). Prevalence of degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis (both p≤0.002), operative level (p=0.003), and postoperative length of stay (p=0.022) significantly differed between groups. The unilateral group had lower 1-year arthrodesis rates (p=0.035). Preoperative VAS leg (p=0.017) and SF-12 PCS (p=0.045) were worse for the unilateral group. ΔPROMIS-PF was greater for the bilateral group at 2 years (p=0.001). Majority of patients achieved an overall MCID for all PROs, except VAS leg (bilateral group). Conclusion: While preoperative status and postoperative arthrodesis rates differed, patients achieved an MCID at similar rates regardless of use of unilateral or bilateral cages.

Leucaena Seeds as Protein Supplement in the Rations of Growing Sheep

Singh, Sultan,Kundu, S.S.,Negi, A.S.,Gupta, S.K.,Singh, N.P.,Pachouri, V.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.10

The study was carried out to evaluate leucaena seeds as a protein replacement of mustard seed cake (MSC) in the concentrate mixture of growing lambs. Fifteen owing male lambs (Local${\times}$Corridale) with an average body weight of 16.3 kg were allocated into three dietary treatments (T1, T2, and T3) with five animals in each group. Animals were offered dry mixed grass, berseem hay and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In concentrate mixture of T1, (Control) MSC was used as protein source, while in T2 and T3 groups, 25 and 50% of MSC was replaced by leucaena leucocephala seeds. On completion of three months (90 days) of feeding, a digestion cum-metabolism trial was conducted to determine DMI, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen balance. Changes in body weight were recorded at 15 day internals and eating patterns were recorded for 3 consecutive days at the end of the feeding trial. MSC had higher CP contents than leucaena seeds (27.0%). Mimosine contents in leucaena seeds were 1.1 compared to 0.2 and 0.4% in concentrate mixture of T2 and T3 group, respectively. Dry matter intake varied non-significantly ($79.3{\pm}1.2$ to $83.4{\pm}1.3g/kg$ $w^{0.75}$) across the dietary treatments. Digestibility of DM and cell wall polysaccharides (NDF, ADF. Cellulose and hemicellulose) were comparable, however CP digestibility was relatively lower in leucaena luecocephala seeds based groups (T2 $45.5{\pm}1.7$ and T3 $46.7{\pm}3.5$) compared to MSC supplemented group (T1 $47.7{\pm}0.9%$). The growth rate of lambs was non-significantly higher in T1 ($79.2{\pm}5.4$) compared to T2 ($73.8{\pm}8.8$) and T3 ($73.9{\pm}7.0$), respectively. The animals were in positive nitrogen balance and N-balance varied from 1.8 to 2.9 g/d across treatment groups. The eating rate (% of total offered) of concentrate up-to 15 min was relatively higher in T1 (82.4) than T2 (74.2) and T3 (77.8%). However no effect of leucaena seeds was recorded on total DMI of animals. The results of the study revealed that the inclusion of up to 50% leucaena seeds, as protein source in concentrate mixture of lambs had no adverse effect on DMI, nutrient utilization, eating patterns, nitrogen balance and growth performance of lambs.

Cytokines Expression and Nitric Oxide Production under Induced Infection to Salmonella Typhimurium in Chicken Lines Divergently Selected for Cutaneous Hypersensitivity

Singh, Rani,Jain, Preeti,Pandey, N.K.,Saxena, V.K.,Saxena, M.,Singh, K.B.,Ahmed, K.A.,Singh, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.7

In the present study, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in 5 week-old immuno divergent broiler lines selected for the high and low response to phytohemagglutinin-P. The immune response was assessed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced with Salmonella Typhimurium at different time intervals (0 h, 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h). The differential mRNA expression patterns of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-2 and iNOS were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. In-vitro production of nitric oxide (NO) was also estimated in the culture supernatant and correlated with iNOS mRNA expression. Present study showed higher production of NO in the high cell-mediated line (HCMI) as compared to the low cell-mediated line (LCMI) upon stimulation with Salmonella Typhimurium. Correspondingly, higher mRNA expression of iNOS and IFN-${\gamma}$ were observed in high response birds (HCMI); but IL-2 was down regulated in this line compared to the low response birds (LCMI). Significantly (p<0.05) higher expression of iNOS, IFN-${\gamma}$ and higher production of NO in high line indicated that the selection for PHA-P response might be employed for increasing the immune competence against Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken flocks.

Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors A and C in Patients undergoing Prostatic Biopsy and TURP for Suspected Prostatic Neoplasia

Singh, A.N.,Gautam, Kirti A.,Dalela, D.,Sankhwar, S.N.,Natu, S.M.,Sankhwar, P.L.,Srivastava, A.N. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.3

Background: Formation of new blood vessels is necessary for the development and spread of neoplasms more than 1 mm3 in volume, angiogenesis being responsible for formation of new from pre-existing blood vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is pivotal and the best studied angiogenic factor in all human cancers. Therefore we designed this study to investigate the role of VEGF-A and VEGF-C in prostate cancer in comparison with BPH controls in a north Indian population. Methods: In this case-control study a total of 100 subjects were included on the basis of confirmed histopathological reports, out of which 50 were prostate cancer patients and the other 50 were BPH patients with PSA levels >2 ng/ml and abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings during September 2009 to August 2011 from the Department of Urology, KGMU, Lucknow, India. Plasma levels of VEGF were determined using quantitative immunoassay (ELISA-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 15.0 version. Results: The mean age of prostate cancer ($67.6{\pm}5.72$) patients was significantly higher (p=0.005) than BPH ($63.6{\pm}7.92$) patients. Expression of VEGF-A was not significantly higher in disease stage C1 than D1 or D2 and A or B (p=0.13) while the level of VEGF-A was significantly higher (p=0.04) in prostate cancer as compared to BPH subjects (PCa=13.0 pg/ml, BPH=6.8 pg/ml). Levels of VEGF-C were similar in both groups (PCa=832.6 pg/ml, BPH=823.7 pg/ml). In ROC curve, the area under curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95%CI: 0.60-0.80) and the cut-off value for which a higher proportion of patients was correctly classified (20%) was 26.0 pg/mL. Conclusion: Although VEGF-A is increased in cancer prostate patients a statistically significant correlation could not be established in this study. VEGF-C was not found to be a useful biomarker.

Functions with closed Graph and some other related Properties

Chae, Gyu-Ihn,Singh,V.P.,Misra,D.N. 울산대학교 1986 연구논문집 Vol.17 No.1

P.E. Long은 폐그래프를 갖는 함수를 도입했었다. 우리는 그 함수를 근사 개 함수를 이용하여 그 성질을 연구한다. P.E. Long introduced a function with closed graph. We will investigate the function with closed graph by means of nearly open mappings due to V.P. Singh and study its characterizations.

Accuracy of Ultrasonography in Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Doe

Singh, N.S.,Gawande, P.G.,Mishra, O.P.,Nema, R.K.,Mishra, U.K.,Singh, Mohan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.6

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Ultrasonographic scanning with real time B-mode ultrasound machine having 5 MHz linear array transducer was performed on gravid uterus (n=24) obtained from slaughterhouse (Group I). Crown rump length (CRL) measured by ultrasound was found significantly different (p<0.05) with actual CRL measured after dissection in early pregnancy. However, age predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of CRL was found highly correlated (r=0.92) with age measured after dissection through CRL and the weight of fetus. Ages predicted by ultrasound through the measurement of trunk diameter (TD) and uterine diameter (UD) and ages measured after dissection were found highly and equally correlated (r=0.98) and did not differ significantly. Data from six does synchronized (Group II) with PGF2$\alpha$ (Estrumate) at 11 days apart were collected through ultrasound from 17 to 42 days post breding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age was high (r=0.97) in day 30 to 42 post breeding. A high coefficient of correlation (r=0.98) was also observed between predicated age by ultrasound and actual age calculated after kidding. The correlation between CRL and gestational age by the formula Y=(a+bX) i.e. Y=24.42+0.39 X where Y=gestational age and X=CRL, was recorded very high (r=0.99). Accuracy of ultrasonography was lowest on day 17 to 19 (66%) and reached 100% on day 34. Data from 30 does (group III) randomly subjected to only one time ultrasounds scanning to assess the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis were also obtained. Ages predicted by TD and UD measurements were observed to be non-significantly different with actual age obtained after kidding and correlation between ages predicted by TD and UD measurement with actual age after kidding was found equally and highly correlated (r=0.98). The operator's accuracy in the whole experiment including all three groups was found to be 92%. The sensitivity was 93% and specificity was 86%. From the present study, it was observed that CRL was the most reliable parameter to find out gestational age in early pregnancy and the new formula derived was found very accurate to find out gestational age. TD and UD were also found to be equally reliable parameter to find out gestational age in mid and late stage of pregnancy through ultrasonography. It was concluded that ultrasonography by real time B mode with 5 MHz transrectal transducer was found to be reliable, safe and accurate and practicable means in diagnosing early pregnancy diagnosis as early as 25 days post breeding.

Serum and CSF Mineral Profile of Himalayan Yak (Bas grunniens) in their Natural Habitat

Singh, S.P.,Kumar, N.,Sharma, K.B.,Kumar, R. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.2

Mineral profile of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 15 Himalayan Yak (adult female, n=8; adult male n=4 and young male,n=3) was studied in their natural habitat at an altitude of 3300 meters above mean sea level at Sangla in north western Himalayas. The macro and micro minerals estimated in serum and CSF were; Sodium, Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium and Zinc, Copper and Iron respectively. The values recorded among different Yak groups did not significantly differ from each other except serum iron and haemoglobin which were significantly higher (p<0.05 ) in young male Yaks compared to the adult male and female Yaks. An observation of great significance was considerably higher potassium and lower sodium level in Yaks compared to other bovine species of plains. The serum potassium values in some adult female Yaks were recorded as high as 10.4 mEq/l and the values varied between 6.6 to 9.8 mEq/l in young male Yaks. The serum Sodium values and Na:K ratios in Yak serum ranged between 117.5 to 122.6 mEq/l and 13.7 to 15.3 respectively. The possible relationship of high serum Potassium value with hypoxic conditions and hostile mountain environment has been discussed.

Charge and mass transport properties of La₂Ni_0.95Al_0.05O_4.025+δ

Jeon, S.Y.,Singh, B.,Im, H.N.,Seong, K.P.,Song, S.J. Elsevier Sequoia 2014 Journal of alloys and compounds Vol.589 No.-

<P>In this work, mass and charge transport properties of acceptor doped lanthanum nickelate, La2Ni0.95Al0.05O4.025+delta d (LNAO), were analyzed. The thermal expansion, electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power of LNAO were measured as a function of temperature in 25-1000 degrees C range and oxygen partial pressure ( pO(2)) in -14 <= log (pO(2)/atm)6 <= -1 range. The average thermal expansion coefficient was 13.77 x 10 (6) K (1). The electrical conductivity was analyzed in relation to the thermoelectric power to elucidate the positive deviation of the activity coefficient of hole on the basis of the delocalized electron model. The thermoelectric power measurement shows a p-type to n- type transition. The chemical diffusion coefficient (D-chem) and surface exchange coefficient (ksurf.) were calculated by 4-probe DC conductivity measurement and ksurf. was slightly higher than ((D) over tilde Dchem). The best- estimated hole-mobility values showed very weak temperature dependence. The results were compared with the literature results on La2NiO4+ d. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Efficacy of Disinfectants against Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus and Microspordia of Tasar Silkworm, Antheraea mylitta D.

Singh G. P.,Sahay Alok,Roy D. K.,Sahay D. N. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2005 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.10 No.1

Bleaching powder solution (1 to $5\%$), slaked lime solution (0.1 to $0.5\%$) and formalin (1 and $2\%$) were tested for their efficacy against cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus and Nosema mylittansis spores to control virosis and pebrine respectively in tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta in indoor rearing condition. All the disinfectants tested were found effective in suppressing the infection of virosis and pebrine significantly. Complete inactivation of Antheraea mylitta cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (AmCPV) was recorded when treated with $4\%$ bleaching powder, $0.4\%$ slaked lime for 20 min and $2.0\%$ formalin for 30 min. Similarly treatments of $3.0\%$ bleaching powder solution for 20 min and $2.0\%$ formalin for 30 min were found effective in complete inactivation of N. mylittanis spores.