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Properties of a-C:H films deposited from a methane electron cyclotron wave resonant plasma
N.A.Morrison,C.William,B.Racine,W.I.Milne,E.Martinez,J.Esteve,J.L.Andujar 한국물리학회 2003 Current Applied Physics Vol.3 No.5
An electron cyclotron wave resonant methane plasma discharge was used for the high rate deposition of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H). Deposition rates of up to 400 AA/min were obtained over substrates up to 2.5 in. in diameter with a film thickness uniformity of 10%. The deposited films were characterised in terms of their mass density, sp3 and hydrogen contents, C–H bonding, intrinsic stress, scratch resistance and friction properties. The deposited films possessed an average sp3 content, mass density and refractive index of 58%, 1.76 g/cm3 and 2.035 respectively. Mechanical characterisation indicated that the films possessed very low steady-state coefficients of friction (ca. 0.06) and a moderate shear strength of 141 MPa. Nano-indentation measurements also indicated a hardness and elastic modulus of 16.1 and 160 GPa respectively. The critical loads required to induce coating failure were also observed to increase with ion energy as a consequence of the increase in degree of ion mixing at the interface. Furthermore, coating failure under scratch test conditions was observed to take place via fracture within the silicon substrate itself, rather than either in the coating or at the film/substrate interface. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Kumar, Vineet,Morrison, M.N.,Rajadurai, S.,Babu, A.M.,Thiagarajan, V.,Datta, R.K. Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2001 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.2 No.2
The stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff.) is a natural and potential biocontrol agent of Spilarctia obliqua (Walk.). The present investigation reveals the biology, predatory efficiency and reproductive parameters of the predator which feeds on S. obliqua caterpillars in mulberry plantation. In order to find out the role of prey sine on the biology of the predators the predatory insects were separately fed with small and large caterpillars of S. obliqua. The incubation period of the eggs of E. furcellata was 8.37${\pm}$0.44 days, while the nymphal duration varied as per the prey sine. The predator when supplied with small larvae of prey, consumed 61.1 larvae and completed nymphal stage in 19.9 days; while those fed with larger prey, consumed 36.1 larvae and completed their nymphal stage in 21.55 days. The prey size also influences the reproductive parameters of the predator, The adult female predator is more voracious feeder than the adult male and consumed 41.9${\pm}$0.64 small larvae and 42.2${\pm}$0.87 large larvae during their life span. The longevity of male and female was observed as 20.7 and 29.4 days respectively. Visualization of the predator as well as the movement of the prey increases the predatory efficiency. Scanning electron microscopic studies on the feeding part explain its support in effective predation. Field observations indicated a drastic fall in the incidence of the mulberry pest, S. obliqua with the increased population E. furcellata in mulberry plantation.