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あぁかがさざただなはばぱまやゃらわゎんいぃきぎしじちぢにひびぴみりうぅくぐすずつづっぬふぶぷむゆゅるえぇけげせぜてでねへべぺめれおぉこごそぞとどのほぼぽもよょろを

アァカサザタダナハバパマヤャラワヮンイィキギシジチヂニヒビピミリウゥクグスズツヅッヌフブプムユュルエェケゲセゼテデヘベペメレオォコゴソゾトドノホボポモヨョロヲ ―

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á à Á À é è É È ç Ç ê

Ä Ö Ü ä ö ü ß

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± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ♂ ♀ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒ ≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧ ∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋－＜＝＞

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½ ⅓ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁿ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄

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1
Creation of Consistent Burn Wounds: A Rat Model

Cai, Elijah Zhengyang,Ang, Chuan Han,Raju, Ashvin,Tan, Kong Bing,Hing, Eileen Chor Hoong,Loo, Yihua,Wong, Yong Chiat,Lee, Hanjing,Lim, Jane,Moochhala, Shabbir M.,Hauser, Charlotte A.E.,Lim, Thiam Chye Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.4
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Background Burn infliction techniques are poorly described in rat models. An accurate study can only be achieved with wounds that are uniform in size and depth. We describe a simple reproducible method for creating consistent burn wounds in rats. Methods Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical stainless-steel rod (1 cm diameter) was heated to $100^{\circ}C$ in boiling water. Temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. We performed two consecutive toe-pinch tests on different limbs to assess the depth of sedation. Burn infliction was limited to the loin. The skin was pulled upwards, away from the underlying viscera, creating a flat surface. The rod rested on its own weight for 5, 10, and 20 seconds at three different sites on each rat. Wounds were evaluated for size, morphology and depth. Results Average wound size was $0.9957cm^2$ (standard deviation [SD] 0.1845) (n=30). Wounds created with duration of 5 seconds were pale, with an indistinct margin of erythema. Wounds of 10 and 20 seconds were well-defined, uniformly brown with a rim of erythema. Average depths of tissue damage were 1.30 mm (SD 0.424), 2.35 mm (SD 0.071), and 2.60 mm (SD 0.283) for duration of 5, 10, 20 seconds respectively. Burn duration of 5 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage. Burn duration of 10 seconds and 20 seconds resulted in full-thickness damage, involving subjacent skeletal muscle. Conclusions This is a simple reproducible method for creating burn wounds consistent in size and depth in a rat burn model.
2
Creation of Consistent Burn Wounds: A Rat Model

Elijah Zhengyang Cai,Chuan Han Ang,Kong Bing Tan,Eileen Chor Hoong Hing,Yihua Loo,Yong Chiat Wong,Hanjing Lee,Jane LIM,Shabbir M Moochhala,Charlotte AE Hauser,Thiam Chye LIM,Ashvin Raju 대한성형외과학회 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.4
Background: Burn infliction techniques are poorly described in rat models. An accurate studycan only be achieved with wounds that are uniform in size and depth. We describe a simplereproducible method for creating consistent burn wounds in rats. Methods: Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and dorsum shaved. A 100 gcylindrical stainless-steel rod (1 cm diameter) was heated to 100°C in boiling water. Temperature was monitored using a thermocouple. We performed two consecutive toe-pinchtests on different limbs to assess the depth of sedation. Burn infliction was limited to theloin. The skin was pulled upwards, away from the underlying viscera, creating a flat surface. The rod rested on its own weight for 5, 10, and 20 seconds at three different sites on eachrat. Wounds were evaluated for size, morphology and depth. Results: Average wound size was 0.9957 cm2 (standard deviation [SD] 0.1845) (n=30). Wounds created with duration of 5 seconds were pale, with an indistinct margin of erythema. Wounds of 10 and 20 seconds were well-defined, uniformly brown with a rim of erythema. Average depths of tissue damage were 1.30 mm (SD 0.424), 2.35 mm (SD 0.071), and 2.60mm (SD 0.283) for duration of 5, 10, 20 seconds respectively. Burn duration of 5 secondsresulted in full-thickness damage. Burn duration of 10 seconds and 20 seconds resulted infull-thickness damage, involving subjacent skeletal muscle. Conclusions: This is a simple reproducible method for creating burn wounds consistent insize and depth in a rat burn model.