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The integrated watershed management planning experience in Manitoba: the local conservation district perspective
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Design and Implementation of an Adaptive Predictive Controller for a Nonlinear Dynamic Industrial Plant using Hysys and Matlab Simulation Packages
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미분탄 입자들의 배열에 따른 연소특성
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해외문학파와 근대성^ 그 몇 가지 문제
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「천명도」に見퇴계の지장설について(「天命圖」に見る退溪の智藏說について)
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Macareo, Louis R. (검색결과 3 건)
- 무료
- 기관 내 무료
- 유료
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Tam, Clarence C.,Anderson, Kathryn B.,Offeddu, Vittoria,Weg, Alden,Macareo, Louis R.,Ellison, Damon W.,Rangsin, Ram,Fernandez, Stefan,Gibbons, Robert V.,Yoon, In-Kyu,Simasathien, Sriluck The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi 2018 The American journal of tropical medicine and hygi Vol.99 No.4
<P><B>Abstract.</B></P><P>Military recruits are at high risk of respiratory infections. However, limited data exist on military populations in tropical settings, where the epidemiology of respiratory infections differs substantially from temperate settings. We enrolled recruits undertaking a 10-week military training at two Royal Thai Army barracks between May 2014 and July 2015. We used a multiplex respiratory panel to analyze nose and throat swabs collected at the start and end of the training period, and from participants experiencing respiratory symptoms during follow-up. Paired sera were tested for influenza seroconversion using a hemagglutinin inhibition assay. Overall rates of upper respiratory illness and influenza-like illness were 3.1 and 2.0 episodes per 100 person-weeks, respectively. A pathogen was detected in 96% of samples. The most commonly detected microbes were <I>Haemophilus influenzae</I> type B (62.7%) or non–type B (58.2%) and rhinovirus (22.4%). At baseline, bacterial colonization was high and included <I>H. influenzae</I> type B (82.3%), <I>H. influenzae</I> non–type B (31.5%), <I>Klebsiella pneumoniae</I> (14.6%), <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> (8.5%), and <I>Streptococcus pneumoniae</I> (8.5%). At the end of follow-up, colonization with <I>H. influenzae</I> non–type B had increased to 74.1%, and <I>S. pneumoniae</I> to 33.6%. In the serology subset, the rate of influenza infection was 3.4 per 100 person-months; 58% of influenza infections resulted in clinical disease. Our study provides key data on the epidemiology and transmission of respiratory pathogens in tropical settings. Our results emphasize the need for improved infection prevention and control in military environments, given the high burden of illness and potential for intense transmission of respiratory pathogens.</P>
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Clapham, Hannah,Cummings, Derek A. T.,Nisalak, Ananda,Kalayanarooj, Siripen,Thaisomboonsuk, Butsaya,Klungthong, Chonticha,Fernandez, Stefan,Srikiatkhachorn, Anon,Macareo, Louis R.,Lessler, Justin,Reis Public Library of Science 2015 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.9 No.12
<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Infants born to dengue immune mothers acquire maternal antibodies to dengue. These antibodies, though initially protective, decline during the first year of life to levels thought to be disease enhancing, before reaching undetectable levels. Infants have long been studied to understand the interaction between infection and disease on an individual level.</P><P><B>Methods/Findings</B></P><P>Considering infants (cases <1 year old) as a unique group, we analyzed serotype specific dengue case data from patients admitted to a pediatric hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. We show differences in the propensity of serotypes to cause disease in individuals with dengue antibodies (infants and post-primary cases) and in individuals without dengue antibodies (primary cases). The mean age of infant cases differed among serotypes, consistent with previously observed differential waning of maternal antibody titers by serotype. We show that trends over time in epidemiology of infant cases are consistent with those observed in the whole population, and therefore with trends in the force of infection.</P><P><B>Conclusions/Significance</B></P><P>Infants with dengue are informative about the interaction between antibody and the dengue serotypes, confirming that in this population DENV-2 and DENV-4 almost exclusively cause disease in the presence of dengue antibody despite infections occurring in others. We also observe differences between the serotypes in the mean age in infant cases, informative about the interaction between waning immunity and disease for the different serotypes in infants. In addition, we show that the mean age of infant cases over time is informative about transmission in the whole population. Therefore, ongoing surveillance for dengue in infants could provide useful insights into dengue epidemiology, particularly after the introduction of a dengue vaccine targeting adults and older children.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Infants born to dengue immune mothers acquire maternal dengue antibodies. These antibodies, though initially protective, decline during the first year of life to levels thought to be disease enhancing, before reaching undetectable levels. We show that in this population, DENV-2 and DENV-4 almost exclusively cause disease in the presence of dengue antibody, despite infections occurring in others. We also observe serotype-specificity in the mean age of infant cases, consistent with differential waning of antibody to each serotype. These results highlight serotype-specificity in the way the immune response interacts with infection to cause disease. In addition, we show that the mean age of infant cases over time is informative about transmission in the whole population. Therefore, ongoing surveillance for dengue in infants could provide useful insights into dengue epidemiology, particularly after the introduction of a dengue vaccine targeting adults and older children.</P></▼2>
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Reconstruction of antibody dynamics and infection histories to evaluate dengue risk
Salje, Henrik,Cummings, Derek A. T.,Rodriguez-Barraquer, Isabel,Katzelnick, Leah C.,Lessler, Justin,Klungthong, Chonticha,Thaisomboonsuk, Butsaya,Nisalak, Ananda,Weg, Alden,Ellison, Damon,Macareo, Lou Nature Publishing Group UK 2018 Nature Vol.557 No.7707
<P>As with many pathogens, most dengue infections are subclinical and therefore unobserved(1). Coupled with limited understanding of the dynamic behaviour of potential serological markers of infection, this observational problem has wide-ranging implications, including hampering our understanding of individual-and population-level correlates of infection and disease risk and how these change over time, between assay interpretations and with cohort design. Here we develop a framework that simultaneously characterizes antibody dynamics and identifies subclinical infections via Bayesian augmentation from detailed cohort data (3,451 individuals with blood draws every 91 days, 143,548 haemagglutination inhibition assay titre measurements)(2,3). We identify 1,149 infections (95% confidence interval, 1,135-1,163) that were not detected by active surveillance and estimate that 65% of infections are subclinical. After infection, individuals develop a stable set point antibody load after one year that places them within or outside a risk window. Individuals with pre-existing titres of <= 1: 40 develop haemorrhagic fever 7.4 (95% confidence interval, 2.5-8.2) times more often than naive individuals compared to 0.0 times for individuals with titres > 1: 40 (95% confidence interval: 0.0-1.3). Plaque reduction neutralization test titres <= 1: 100 were similarly associated with severe disease. Across the population, variability in the size of epidemics results in large-scale temporal changes in infection and disease risk that correlate poorly with age.</P>
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