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Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection Induces CD4+ T Cell Activation via Human Dendritic Cell Activity
( Hyuk Chu ),( Sung Moo Park ),( In Su Cheon ),( Mi Yeoun Park ),( Byoung Shik Shim ),( Byoung Cheol Gil ),( Woon Hee Jeung2 ),( Kyu Jam Hwang ),( Ki Duk Song ),( Kee Jong Hong ),( Manki Song ),( Hang 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2013 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.23 No.8
Orientia tsutsugamushi, a gram-negative bacterium, causes severe acute febrile illness in humans. Despite this danger, the route of infection, infectivity, and protective mechanisms of the host``s immune response to O. tsutsugamushi are unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most important cell types in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we observed that O. tsutsugamushi infects and replicates in monocyte-derived DCs (MODCs). During infection and replication, the expressions of the cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α, as well as the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83, CD86, and CD40, were increased in MODCs. When O. tsutsugamushi-treated MODCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4+ T cells, they enhanced production of IFN-γ, a major Th1 cytokine. Collectively, our results show that O. tsutsugamushi can replicate in MODCs and can simultaneously induce MODC maturation and increase proinflammatory cytokine levels in MODCs that subsequently activate CD4+ T cells.
Kee-jeung Hong,Jee-sang Kim 한국비파괴검사학회 2009 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.29 No.3
As concrete ages, the surrounding environment is expected to have growing influences on the concrete. As all the impacts of the environment cannot be considered in the strength-estimating model of a nondestructive concrete test, the increase in concrete age leads to growing uncertainty in the strength-estimating model. Therefore, the variation of the model error increases. It is necessary to include those impacts in the probability model of concrete strength attained from the nondestructive tests so as to build a more accurate reliability model for structural performance evaluation. This paper reviews and categorizes the existing strength-estimating statistical models of nondestructive concrete test, and suggests a new form of the strength-estimating statistical models to properly reflect the model uncertainty due to aging of the concrete. This new form of the statistical models will lay foundation for more accurate structural performance evaluation.
Hong, Kee-Jeung,Kim, Jee-Sang The Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing 2009 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.29 No.3
As concrete ages, the surrounding environment is expected to have growing influences on the concrete. As all the impacts of the environment cannot be considered in the strength-estimating model of a nondestructive concrete test, the increase in concrete age leads to growing uncertainty in the strength-estimating model. Therefore, the variation of the model error increases. It is necessary to include those impacts in the probability model of concrete strength attained from the nondestructive tests so as to build a more accurate reliability model for structural performance evaluation. This paper reviews and categorizes the existing strength-estimating statistical models of nondestructive concrete test, and suggests a new form of the strength-estimating statistical models to properly reflect the model uncertainty due to aging of the concrete. This new form of the statistical models will lay foundation for more accurate structural performance evaluation.