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Indrajit Patra,Duaa Abdul Rida Musa,Reena Solanki,Yasser Fakri Mustafa,Zukhra Ziyatovna Yakhshieva,Jihad M. Hadi,Milad Kazemnejadi 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.122 No.-
Synthesis of high viscosity, ecofriendly, and low melting point poly(ionic liquid)s (LMP-PIL) with network structure has been introduced by the reaction of 1,10,10 0 (1,3,5 triazine 2,4,6 triyl) tris (3 methyl 1H imidazol 3 ium) iodide ionic liquid (TAIm[I] IL) monomer with disodium salts of various open-chain carboxylic acids as well as sulfonic acids via a polycondensation on counter ions (PC-CI). Change in alkyl group length in carboxylate, as well as sulfonate, provide a broad spectrum of properties in terms of viscosity, density, and solubility for the resulting PILs. The physical properties of the PILs including, viscosity, melting point, boiling point, density,M n, and polydispersity (Ð), were determined in this study. Also, thermal behavior of the PILs were studied in comparison with the corresponding monomers. The ecofriendly PILs served as an efficient solvent and ligand for the Cu-catalyzed Heck and Sonogashira CAC coupling reactions. High to excellent yields were obtained for various coupling products under mild conditions at melting points of the PILs. Also, the coupling products could be obtained with direct scalability. The prepared PILs could be recycled several times from the homogenous reaction mixture with preservation of the intrinsic properties. Also, a detailed study was conducted on the mechanism of the coupling reactions.
( Amlan Kumar Patra ),( Indrajit Kar ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.2
Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning, transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens. Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations, which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses. Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity, and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.