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A progress review on the modification of CZTS(e)-based thin-film solar cells
Harbi Setyo Nugroho,Gema Refantero,Ni Luh Wulan Septiani,Muhammad Iqbal,Septhian Marno,Huda Abdullah,Eka Cahya Prima,Nugraha,Brian Yuliarto 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.105 No.-
The increasing demand for energy in recent decades due to rapid industrial and population growth hasresulted in a heavy dependence on non-renewable energy which leads to environmental problems. Solar energy has emerged as a promising candidate for renewable energy because its sources are unlimitedand do not produce pollutants that damage the environment. Among the different kind of solar cells,CZTS(e) solar cells have the advantage of reaching the Shockley–Queisser limit (SQL) of 30.9% with lowproduction costs, non-toxicity, and abundance of constituent elements. However, the current performanceof CZTS(e) solar cells is still below the commercial performance standard of at least 20%. Thisreview comprehensively addresses the limiting factors that prevent CZTS(e) solar cells from achievingcommercial grade performance. The phenomenon behind the problem will be independently highlightedand explained how it affects performance. Then, various solving methods specific to each problem thathave been carried out during the manufacturing process will be discussed. At the end of this review article,a comprehensive summary and view of the possible future prospects for the manufacture of highefficiencyCZTS(e) solar cells are provided.