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Chemically modified graphene sheets by functionalization of highly exfoliated graphite
Grayfer, Ekaterina D.,Nazarov, Albert S.,Makotchenko, Viktor G.,Kim, Sung-Jin,Fedorov, Vladimir E. Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.21 No.10
<P>Highly exfoliated graphite (HEG) containing multi-, bi- and monolayer graphenes has been prepared from an alternative class of precursors – fluorinated graphite intercalation compounds, namely, poly(dicarbon fluoride) intercalation compounds C<SUB>2</SUB>F·<I>x</I>R. Treatment of HEG by mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids results in chemically modified graphenes (CMG) dispersible in water or alcohol medium without any surfactants or stabilizers. The samples were examined by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), IR, Raman and UV-vis spectroscopies. Elemental analysis and IR data indicate that covalent functionalization with oxygen-containing groups, such as carboxyl group, occurs upon acid treatment. AFM images show thin sheets of about 1 nm, confirming the well-dispersed state of the material. Dispersions of CMG sheets from highly exfoliated graphite are very stable colloids (over a year) and can serve for further functionalization.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Stable surfactant-free water dispersions of chemically modified graphenes were prepared from new highly exfoliated graphite. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c0jm02469d'> </P>
Makotchenko, V.G.,Grayfer, E.D.,Nazarov, A.S.,Kim, S.J.,Fedorov, V.E. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2011 Carbon Vol.49 No.10
A series of new highly exfoliated graphites were synthesized from fluorinated graphite intercalation compounds of compositions C<SUB>2</SUB>F.xR (R=ClF<SUB>3</SUB>, (CH<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB>CO, CH<SUB>3</SUB>CN, C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB>, CCl<SUB>4</SUB>). The exfoliation degree of these materials reaches more than 2000 times, indicating a significantly higher exfoliated state than observed for the conventional expanded graphites derived from graphite bisulphate or nitrate. These exfoliated graphites have increased interlayer distances, specific surface areas as high as 170-370m<SUP>2</SUP>/g, low bulk densities of 0.4-0.7g/L, and good sorption capacities towards a range of organic and inorganic liquids. The influence of the nature of the intercalated molecules on the properties of the exfoliated graphite is discussed.