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Explaining Trade Flows: Traditional and New Determinants of Trade Patterns
( Julien Gourdon ) 세종대학교 경제통합연구소 (구 세종대학교 국제경제연구소) 2009 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.24 No.1
An empirical tradition in international trade seeks to establish whether the predictions of factor abundance theory match with the data. In this paper, we test if the “new” determinants used in the factor content version of H-O-V models (differences in productivity, in returns to scale or in consumers` preferences) help us to improve our estimation of trade patterns in commodities. The results show that conventional factors are still important in determining trade structure although new determinants need to be included to determine comparative advantage. Turning to the change across periods, differences in factor endowments have not diminished over time: we observe an increase in specialization according to skill endowment. Hence, those “new” determinants are not new forces that drive trade flows.
George Angelov,Christophe Gourdon 한국화학공학회 2015 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.32 No.1
This paper deals with determination of energy consumption due to pressure drop in pulsed extraction col-umns with internals of discs and rings (doughnuts). While the common approach assumes equality of a pulsed flowwith a given mean velocity to a permanent flow with the same velocity, here the periodical flow velocity pattern istaken into consideration. It is shown that the energy consumption in case of a pulsed flow is different and quite largerthan that of an “equivalent” permanent flow, and should be accounted for the sake of a more precise column design. A correlation for determination of energy consumption in case of sinusoidal periodic pulsed flow is proposed, whichreflects the influence of mean flow velocity and geometry parameters (plate free area and interplate distance). Its reli-ability is checked by comparison of calculated results and experimental data.
STM imaging, spectroscopy and manipulation of a self-assembled PTCDI monolayer on epitaxial graphene
Yang, H.,Mayne, A. J.,Comtet, G.,Dujardin, G.,Kuk, Y.,Sonnet, Ph.,Stauffer, L.,Nagarajan, S.,Gourdon, A. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.15 No.14
<P>Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS), and manipulation studies were performed on an ordered self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of <I>N</I>,<I>N</I>′-bis(1-hexylheptyl)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) molecules on epitaxial graphene on hexagonal silicon carbide – SiC(0001). Four novel aspects of the molecular SAM on graphene are presented. Molecules adsorb in both armchair and zig-zag configurations, giving rise to six orientations of the molecular layer with respect to the underlying substrate. The interaction between the molecules and the graphene surface shifts the LUMO towards the Fermi level, inducing a charge transfer and the opening of a band gap in the graphene, with the LUMO inside. This decouples the LUMO from the surface rendering it invisible in the d<I>I</I>/d<I>V</I> spectroscopy. The HOMO only becomes visible at short tip-surface distances, as its energy lies within the band gap of the SiC substrate. Finally, the observed molecular defects are very particular, being composed exclusively of molecular dimers. These molecular dimers have a stronger interaction with the graphene than other molecules.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy studies of a self-assembled hexyl heptyl PTCDI monolayer on epitaxial graphene reveal molecules adsorbed in two configurations. Charge transfer induces band gap opening in graphene and decouples the LUMO. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c3cp42591f'> </P>
Yang, H.,Boudrioua, O.,Mayne, A. J.,Comtet, G.,Dujardin, G.,Kuk, Y.,Sonnet, Ph.,Stauffer, L.,Nagarajan, S.,Gourdon, A. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Physical chemistry chemical physics Vol.14 No.5
<P>Controlling the intrinsic optical and electronic properties of a single molecule adsorbed on a surface requires electronic decoupling of some molecular orbitals from the surface states. Scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and density functional theory calculations are used to study a perylene molecule derivative (DHH-PTCDI), adsorbed on the clean 3 × 3 reconstructed wide band gap silicon carbide surface (SiC(0001)-3 × 3). We find that the LUMO of the adsorbed molecule is invisible in <I>I</I>(<I>V</I>) spectra due to the absence of any surface or bulk states and that the HOMO has a very low saturation current in <I>I</I>(<I>z</I>) spectra. These results present a paradox that the molecular orbitals are electronically isolated from the surface of the wide band gap semiconductor even though strong chemical bonds are formed.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Organic molecule adsorption on the SiC surface forms strong chemical bonds but certain molecular orbitals are electronically decoupled from the substrate. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2cp23104b'> </P>