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        A comprehensive review on zinc-based mixed metal oxide catalysts for dimethyl carbonate synthesis via urea alcoholysis process

        Masoud Mandooie,Mahdi Rahimi,Golara Nikravesh,Ehsan Salehi 한국공업화학회 2023 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.117 No.-

        Urea alcoholysis is one of the environmental-friendly and economic methods for dimethyl carbonate(DMC) production. Various catalysts such as bases, organic tin, acids, ionic liquids and metal oxides havebeen used for synthesis of DMC through urea alcoholysis process. Based on literature survey, catalystscontaining both acidic and basic sites, are more suited for catalyzing the reaction; however, the basicityplays more conspicuous role. Zinc-based mixed metal oxides (MMOs) have emerged as potential catalystsfor this purpose mainly due to the amphoteric nature of ZnO as well as basic/acidic sites abundance. Thisarticle reviews zinc-based MMO catalysts focusing on catalytic performances and mechanisms, synthesizingmethods, characterizations and operating conditions of the reactors during a 20-years period. Literature survey uncovered that pure ZnO catalyst could exhibit a maximum of 37% DMC yield underthe utmost operating conditions. However, zinc-based MMO catalysts (binary or ternary) showed superiorperformance in DMC conversion through the urea alcoholysis process, usually under moderate operatingconditions, mainly due to synergetic effects among metal oxide phases. Among MMO catalysts,ZnO/CaO binary metal oxide and Zn/Ce/La ternary metal oxide catalysts tabulated the highest DMC productionyields of 41.2% and 50.4% respectively. Moreover, two different catalyst-test modes includingbatch and continuous, and three catalyst synthesizing methods including sol–gel, co-precipitation andurea precipitation (UPM) have been spotlighted in this review.

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