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Multiple resistance mechanisms to abamectin in the two-spotted spider mite
권덕호,Geon Mook Seong,강택준,이시혁 한국응용곤충학회 2010 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.13 No.3
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is one of the most destructive pests of various orchard trees and garden plants. Biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in two T. urticae strains (PTF, 239-fold resistance; AbaR, ca. 4753-fold resistance) were investigated. The involvement of both esterase (Est) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) in abamectin resistance was suggested by synergistic bioassays, in which median lethal time (LT50) values were significantly reduced by pretreatment with triphenyl phosphate (TPP)and piperonyl butoxide, respectively. Detoxification enzyme assays confirmed that Est and MFO were related to abamectin resistance as metabolic factors. Moreover, some Est bands on a native isoelectric focusing gel were specifically inhibited by TPP, implying their association with resistance. Pretreatment with verapamil in synergistic bioassays did not reduce the LT50 to abamectin, suggesting that the ABC transporter is not likely involved in resistance. However, enhanced MFO and Est activities in the AbaR strain were not enough to account for the extremely high level of abamectin resistance, which suggests the involvement of additional resistance mechanisms, such as target site insensitivity.
Multiple resistance mechanisms to abamectin in the two-spotted spider mite
Kwon, Deok-Ho,Seong, Geon-Mook,Kang, Taek-Jun,Lee, Si-Hyeock 한국응용곤충학회 2010 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol. No.
The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is one of the most destructive pests of various orchard trees and garden plants. Biochemical mechanisms of abamectin resistance in two T. urticae strains (PTF, 239-fold resistance; AbaR, ca. 4753-fold resistance) were investigated. The involvement of both esterase (Est) and mixed function oxidase (MFO) in abamectin resistance was suggested by synergistic bioassays, in which median lethal time (<TEX>$LT_{50}$</TEX>) values were significantly reduced by pretreatment with triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and piperonyl butoxide, respectively. Detoxification enzyme assays confirmed that Est and MFO were related to abamectin resistance as metabolic factors. Moreover, some Est bands on a native isoelectric focusing gel were specifically inhibited by TPP, implying their association with resistance. Pretreatment with verapamil in synergistic bioassays did not reduce the <TEX>$LT_{50}$</TEX> to abamectin, suggesting that the ABC transporter is not likely involved in resistance. However, enhanced MFO and Est activities in the AbaR strain were not enough to account for the extremely high level of abamectin resistance, which suggests the involvement of additional resistance mechanisms, such as target site insensitivity.
논 토양의 이화학적 특성 및 침출성 함량을 이용한 납과 카드뮴의 전함량 예측 모형식 개발
고우리(Woo-Ri Go),이지호(Ji-Ho Lee),이은용(Eun-Yong Lee),임성묵(Seong-Mook Lim),류지혁(Ji-Hyock Yoo),김지영(Ji-Young Kim),김계훈(Kye-Hoon Kim),임건재(Geon-Jae Im),김원일(Won-Il Kim) 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.6
Predictive model for estimating total contents of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was developed by stepwise multiple-regression analysis using chemical properties and extractable contents of metal in paddy soil adjacent to abandoned mines in 2009 and 2010. Soil properties, e.g. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (P₂O5), and exchangeable cations (i.e. Ca, Na, K, Mg) were measured. Total contents of Cd and Pb as well as extractable contents of metals were analyzed by ICP-OES. Results showed that the total and extractable contents were estimated to be 3.55 and 0.27 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in Cd and 83.38 and 24.32 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> in Pb on the average. From stepwise analysis, it was found that the contents of extractable Cd, Zn, Cu, as well as exchangeable Na were significantly influenced on estimation of the total contents of Cd in soil. Moreover, it also showed that the contents of extractable Pb, Zn, and Cu significantly affected estimation of the total contents of Pb in soil. More significant relationship between estimated and measured value in total contents of Pb was observed than those of Cd (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.87, p〈0.0001). This demonstrates that extractable contents of metal are influenced more on estimation of total contents of Cd and Pb in soil than soil properties.