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Influence of Flexible Spacers on Liquid-Crystalline Self-Assembly of T-Shaped Bolaamphiphiles
Cheng, Xiaohong,Liu, Feng,Zeng, Xiangbing,Ungar, Goran,Kain, Jens,Diele, Siegmar,Prehm, Marko,Tschierske, Carsten American Chemical Society 2011 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.133 No.20
<P>T-shaped bolaamphiphiles composed of a biphenyl rigid core, a semiperfluorinated lateral chain, two polar 1,2-diol groups in the terminal positions and flexible alkyl spacers connecting the polar groups with the biphenyl core have been synthesized and investigated by polarizing microscopy, DSC and X-ray scattering. The influence of spacer length and position of the spacer on the self-assembly in liquid-crystalline phases was studied. A series of four different columnar phases (Col<SUB>hex</SUB>/<I>p</I>6<I>mm</I>, Col<SUB>rec</SUB>/<I>p</I>2<I>gg</I>, Col<SUB>squ</SUB>/<I>p</I>4<I>gm</I> and Col<SUB>squ</SUB>/<I>p</I>4<I>mm</I>), representing liquid-crystalline honeycomb structures composed of cylinders having hexagonal, pentagonal, and square cross section, were found on increasing the spacer length. It is also shown that introduction of aliphatic spacers in the backbone of the T-shaped bolaamphiphiles replaces the Col<SUB>rec</SUB>/<I>c</I>2<I>mm</I> phase made up of rhombic cylinders with the Col<SUB>squ</SUB>/<I>p</I>4<I>mm</I> phase composed of square cylinders. It also causes the 2d lattice of pentagonal cylinders to increase the symmetry from Col<SUB>rec</SUB>/<I>p</I>2<I>gg</I> to Col<SUB>squ</SUB>/<I>p</I>4<I>gm</I>. A temperature-dependent second-order phase transition between these two pentagonal cylinder structures was observed for the first time. Beside these effects on cylinder shape and phase symmetry the flexible spacer units also lead to reduced phase transition temperatures and allow adjustment of cylinder side length to envelop a wider range of side-chain sizes. Electron density maps suggest that this may involve sacrificing some of the hydrogen bonds.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2011/jacsat.2011.133.issue-20/ja200822z/production/images/medium/ja-2011-00822z_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja200822z'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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Validation of participant screening processes for simulator sickness management
Reed N.,Diels C.,Parkes A.M. 한국자동차공학회 2008 한국자동차공학회 Symposium Vol.2008 No.9
The incidence of simulator sickness impacts all simulators that purport to provide drivers with a realistic experience. It has symptoms similar to motion sickness but can occur in the absence of physical motion of the observer. TRL was commissioned by the Scottish Executive to train 700 professional commercial vehicle drivers on two full mission truck simulators. Monitoring the incidence and effects of simulator sickness were paramount to the success of the programme. The aim of the driver training was to improve driver safety and fuel efficiency. Drivers on the programme completed a short familiarisation drive before completing two sets of four exercises, spending about an hour in the simulator in total. The simulator recorded drivers’ fuel efficiency, gear changes, speed, and time taken. Drivers also completed questionnaires as part of the training programme, one of which was the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) proposed by Kennedy, Lane, Berbaum, and Lilienthal (1993), completed before and after driving the simulator. This enabled drivers’ subjective feelings of sickness to be recorded. Drivers rated their experience in the simulator very highly and showed significant improvements in their driving performance. Driver age and previous experience of motion sickness were both correlated with reported sickness level. There was also a significant correlation between drivers’ attitudes to technology and their susceptibility to simulator sickness. The implications of these results for the development of screening processes to reduce the incidence of simulator sickness, consequences for the use of simulators for driver training, and the effectiveness of such a screening questionnaire on a small simulator training programme are discussed.
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Nghi Do Huu,Kellner Harald,Büttner Enrico,Huong Le Mai,Duy Le Xuan,Giap Vu Dinh,Quynh Dang Thu,Hang Tran Thi Nhu,Verberckmoes An,Diels Ludo,Liers Christiane,Hofrichter Martin 한국응용생명화학회 2021 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.64 No.5
From the biotechnological viewpoint, the enzymatic disintegration of plant lignocellulosic biomass is a promising goal since it would deliver fermentable sugars for the chemical sector. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a vital component of the extracellular lignocellulose-degrading enzyme system of fungi and has a great potential to improve catalyst efficiency for biomass processing. In the present study, a CDH from a newly isolated strain of the agaricomycete Coprinellus aureogranulatus (CauCDH) was successfully purified with a specific activity of 28.9 U mg− 1. This pure enzyme (MW = 109 kDa, pI = 5.4) displayed the high oxidative activity towards β-1–4-linked oligosaccharides. Not least, CauCDH was used for the enzymatic degradation of rice straw without chemical pretreatment. As main metabolites, glucose (up to 165.18 ± 3.19 mg g− 1), xylose (64.21 ± 1.22 mg g− 1), and gluconic acid (5.17 ± 0.13 mg g− 1) could be identified during the synergistic conversion of this raw material with the fungal hydrolases (e.g., esterase, cellulase, and xylanase) and further optimization by using an RSM statistical approach.
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