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Rai, Ranjana,Yunos, Darmawati M.,Boccaccini, Aldo R.,Knowles, Jonathan C.,Barker, Ian A.,Howdle, Steven M.,Tredwell, Gregory D.,Keshavarz, Tajalli,Roy, Ipsita American Chemical Society 2011 Biomacromolecules Vol.12 No.6
<P><named-content content-type='genus-species' xlink:type='simple'>Pseudomonas mendocina</named-content> was found to produce a unique homopolymer of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate), P(3HO), rather than a copolymer, when grown on sodium octanoate as the sole carbon source. Although this polymer has been produced by other organisms, interestingly this is the first time an absolute homopolymer has been produced by a wild type organism. In addition, a detailed study on the effects of different extraction methods on the yield, molecular weight, thermal properties, and lipopolysaccharide content of P(3HO) has been carried out. The organism was able to accumulate P(3HO) up to 31.38% of its dry cell weight within 48 h in mineral salt medium. Characterization of the monomer was carried out using FTIR, GC-MS, <SUP>13</SUP>C, <SUP>1</SUP>H, and HSQC NMR spectroscopy. The polymer had a crystallinity of 37.5%, Young’s modulus value of 11.6 MPa and contact angle of 77.3°. Microstructural studies of solvent cast polymer films revealed a smooth surface topography with a root-mean-square roughness value of 0.238 μm.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/bomaf6/2011/bomaf6.2011.12.issue-6/bm2001999/production/images/medium/bm-2011-001999_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bm2001999'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
D. M. Knowles,D. W. MacLachlan 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.2-4
A crystal slip system model has been developed for the analysis of gas turbine single crystal Ni-base superalloys and has beenimplemented in nite element analysis software using the established theory of crystal plasticity. The model incorporates many ofthe dominant deformation mechanisms seen in these high temperature materials, which have been determined from mechanical testing and microscopic analysis. In particular slip is considered on the {111}<011> and {111}<112>slip systems, the former aredenoted type I systems and the latter type II. Type I systems are dominant at high temperature in orientations close to [001], in other orientations or at lower temperatures (700800.C) type II systems become active. When the type II systems are activated theygive rise to signicant transient creep strains at low temperature, which can be more than 5-6% in magnitude.
The effect of zinc and titanium on the structure of calcium-sodium phosphate based glass
Moss, R.M.,Neel, E.A.A.,Pickup, D.M.,Twyman, H.L.,Martin, R.A.,Henson, M.D.,Barney, E.R.,Hannon, A.C.,Knowles, J.C.,Newport, R.J. North-Holland 2010 Journal of non-crystalline solids Vol.356 No.25
An array of different structural probes has been used to define the effect of adding Zn and Ti to a sodium-calcium phosphate glass. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Zn K-edge suggests that the Zn atoms occupy mixed (4- and 6-fold) sites within the glass matrix. X-ray diffraction reveals a feature at 2.03A that develops with the addition of Zn and Ti and is consistent with Zn-O and Ti-O near-neighbour distances. Neutron diffraction is used to resolve two distinct P-O distances and highlights the decrease in P...P coordination number from 2.0 to 1.7 as the Ti metal concentration rises, which is attributed to the O/P fraction moving away from the metaphosphate value of 3.0 to 3.1 with the addition of Ti. Other correlations, such as those associated with CaO<SUB>x</SUB>and NaO<SUB>x</SUB>polyhedra, remain largely unaffected. These results suggest that the network forming P...P correlation is most disrupted, with the disorder parameter rising from 0.07 to 0.10A with the additional modifiers. Zn appears to be introduced into the network as a direct replacement for Ca and causes no structural variation over the composition range studied.
Dunning, Alison M,Michailidou, Kyriaki,Kuchenbaecker, Karoline B,Thompson, Deborah,French, Juliet D,Beesley, Jonathan,Healey, Catherine S,Kar, Siddhartha,Pooley, Karen A,Lopez-Knowles, Elena,Dicks, Ed Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2016 Nature genetics Vol.48 No.4
<P>We analyzed 3,872 common genetic variants across the ESR1 locus (encoding estrogen receptor a) in 118,816 subjects from three international consortia. We found evidence for at least five independent causal variants, each associated with different phenotype sets, including estrogen receptor (ER+ or ER-) and human ERBB2 (HER2(+) or HER2(-)) tumor subtypes, mammographic density and tumor grade. The best candidate causal variants for ER-tumors lie in four separate enhancer elements, and their risk alleles reduce expression of ESR1, RMND1 and CCDC170, whereas the risk alleles of the strongest candidates for the remaining independent causal variant disrupt a silencer element and putatively increase ESR1 and RMND1 expression.</P>
Biocompatible, smooth, plasma-treated nickel-titanium surface--an adequate platform for cell growth.
Chrzanowski, W,Szade, J,Hart, A D,Knowles, J C,Dalby, M J Technomic Pub 2012 Journal of biomaterials applications Vol.26 No.6
<P>High nickel content is believed to reduce the number of biomedical applications of nickel-titanium alloy due to the reported toxicity of nickel. The reduction in nickel release and minimized exposure of the cell to nickel can optimize the biocompatibility of the alloy and increase its use in the application where its shape memory effects and pseudoelasticity are particularly useful, e.g., spinal implants. Many treatments have been tried to improve the biocompatibility of Ni-Ti, and results suggest that a native, smooth surface could provide sufficient tolerance, biologically. We hypothesized that the native surface of nickel-titanium supports cell differentiation and insures good biocompatibility. Three types of surface modifications were investigated: thermal oxidation, alkali treatment, and plasma sputtering, and compared with smooth, ground surface. Thermal oxidation caused a drop in surface nickel content, while negligible chemistry changes were observed for plasma-modified samples when compared with control ground samples. In contrast, alkali treatment caused significant increase in surface nickel concentration and accelerated nickel release. Nickel release was also accelerated in thermally oxidized samples at 600 C, while in other samples it remained at low level. Both thermal oxidation and alkali treatment increased the roughness of the surface, but mean roughness R(a) was significantly greater for the alkali-treated ones. Ground and plasma-modified samples had 'smooth' surfaces with R(a)=4 nm. Deformability tests showed that the adhesion of the surface layers on samples oxidized at 600 C and alkali treatment samples was not sufficient; the layer delaminated upon deformation. It was observed that the cell cytoskeletons on the samples with a high nickel content or release were less developed, suggesting some negative effects of nickel on cell growth. These effects were observed primarily during initial cell contact with the surface. The most favorable cell responses were observed for ground and plasma-sputtered surfaces. These studies indicated that smooth, plasma-modified surfaces provide sufficient properties for cells to grow.</P>
Electron microscopy of bismuth building blocks for self-assembled nanowires
K.J. Stevens,K.S. Cheong,D.M. Knowles,N.J. Laycock,A. Ayesh,J. Partridge,S.A. Brown,S.C. Hendy 한국물리학회 2006 Current Applied Physics Vol.6 No.3
Nanowires can be fabricated from bismuth nanoclusters. The structure of bismuth nanoclusters of 4060 nm diameter has beenobserved by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and matched to multislice image simulations forB=[. 2,0, . 1] andB= [1,0,. 1,0]. The hexagonal structure matches that of bulk bismuth embedded in a 5 nm thick shell ofb-Bi2O3.