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Power Semiconductors for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
D. Graovac,A. Christmann,M. Munzer 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5
The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the power semiconductor solutions for the hybrid electric vehicles, as based on the technologies existing today. First, the motivation for the electric vehicles is given, followed by the brief system overview. After that, the application specifics are discussed and mapped directly into power semiconductor requirements. Special attention is given to the IGBT based power modules. Based on the specific application a different module power ratings and technologies are proposed. A solution overview of both front-end (silicon chip) and back-end (packaging) technologies is given. Next point is the investigation of packaging and interconnection options, with quality and reliability of power modules in the focus. In the end, a future outlook, including ultra low module inductance, ultra thin wafer and SiC technology is given.
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Export-platform FDI and local industries
Huu Thanh Tam Nguyen,Malika Hattab-Christmann 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2009 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10
The development of regional economic integration at the end of the century lead to emergence and development of a particular foreign investment know as "export-platform direct foreign investment". This paper aims to examine impacts of this investment on Vietnamese export-oriented industries (during the period 2000-2006). Firstly, competition effect is negative on production of domestic firms. A rise of 10% of foreign firms" production share in an industry goes with a decrease of 5.9% of domestic firms one. Even so, it does not affect their demographic balance. Consequently, the net effect on local production is negative. The same rise of foreign finns" production share leads to a drop of 12.3% of local one. Then, the presence of MNF generates technological externalities on local production. If their staff steps up by 1%, local production increases by 1.6% ceteris paribus. Furthermore, these extern-alities will be higher in industries where foreign firms are numerous. They also are more important in industries where employees hired by domestic firms are qualified. However, their diffusion will be prevented if the technology used by these foreign firms is advanced. Then, these externalities on local production seem to be brought by technological spillovers on production of domestic firms because any ones are not found on demography of these firms. Lastly, with regard to this demography, MNF only facilitate entry of domestic firms in industries where they are sufficiently numerous or that qualification of worker recruited by domestic firms is sufficiently high.
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Alexander Akermann,Jens Weiermüller,Selina Lenz,Jens Christmann,Roland Ulber 한국생물공학회 2021 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.26 No.1
Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) liquor can be obtained by pressing fresh BSG and was recently proposed as a fermentation medium. A kinetic model was established, that can predict lactate formation and cell growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis with three BSG liquors of different origin in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation approach. The kinetic model assumes a multi-substrate dependence of glucose and several nitrogencontaining molecule classes on cell growth, substrate uptake, and lactate formation. Furthermore, the model contains terms for the enzymatic degradation of 1,4-α-bond glucose oligomers. The nutrient content of the fermentation media, based on BSG liquor, varied broadly in terms of total carbohydrates (26.27 g·L-1 to 107.17 g·L-1), amino acids (1.52 g·L-1 to 6.78 g·L-1), and proteins (0.16 g·L-1 to 0.46 g·L-1). The deviation between experiment and simulation was - in relation to the large differences in media composition - quite small and ranged from 1.6% to 12.9% (final cell density) and from 5.0% to 24.8% (total lactate concentration). Both the experiment and the simulation showed that serine and alanine play an essential role in the metabolism of the organism. In general, the ratio of carbohydrates to amino acids in the fermentation medium is very important for L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Therefore, the model can contribute to control the bioprocess and assess fermentation kinetics for unknown BSG liquors.
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