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        Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by acid ion exchange resins

        Montserrat Iborra,Javier Tejero,Carles Fite,Eliana Ramirez,Fidel Cunill 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.78 No.-

        The liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate by esterification of levulinic with an excess of 1-butanol(initial molar ratio 1:3) and simultaneous water removal has been studied at atmospheric pressure and atthe boiling point of the reacting medium. The catalytic performance of ten commercial sulfonic resins hasbeen compared: four gel-type and six macroreticular. For both type of resins the levulinic acid conversionwas complete after 4–6 h and no byproducts derived from the acid were detected. Selectivity of 1-butanoltowards the ester was about 95%, di-butyl ether and butenes being the detected 1-butanol-derivedbyproducts. Among the tested catalysts, gel-type resins with low crosslinking degree showed the highestactivity, what could be attributed to a higher accessibility to active centers in polar medium. In additionalexperiments where initial reactants content was at stoichiometric relation, the levulinic acid conversionwas lower (82–85%), while selectivity of 1-butanol towards the ester was slightly higher, because of thelower 1-butanol concentration.

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