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Colorectal Cancer Screening—Who, How, and When?
Roisin Bevan,Matthew D Rutter 대한소화기내시경학회 2018 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.51 No.1
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. It is amenable to screening as it occurs in premalignant,latent, early, and curable stages. PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and national and international CRC screeningguidelines were searched for CRC screening methods, populations, and timing. CRC screening can use direct or indirect tests, deliveredopportunistically or via organized programs. Most CRCs are diagnosed after 60 years of age; most screening programs apply toindividuals 50–75 years of age. Screening may reduce disease-specific mortality by detecting CRC in earlier stages, and CRC incidenceby detecting premalignant polyps, which can subsequently be removed. In randomized controlled trials (RCTs) guaiac fecal occult bloodtesting (gFOBt) was found to reduce CRC mortality by 13%–33%. Fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) has no RCT data comparing itto no screening, but is superior to gFOBt. Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) trials demonstrated an 18% reduction in CRC incidence and a28% reduction in CRC mortality. Currently, RCT evidence for colonoscopy screening is scarce. Although not yet corroborated by RCTs,it is likely that colonoscopy is the best screening modality for an individual. From a population perspective, organized programs aresuperior to opportunistic screening. However, no nation can offer organized population-wide colonoscopy screening. Thus, organizedprograms using cheaper modalities, such as FS/FIT, can be tailored to budget and capacity.
<i>In silico</i> analyses for the discovery of tuberculosis drug targets
Chung, Bevan Kai-Sheng,Dick, Thomas,Lee, Dong-Yup Oxford University Press 2013 The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Vol.68 No.12
<P>Antibacterial drug discovery is moving from largely unproductive high-throughput screening of isolated targets in the past decade to revisiting old, clinically validated targets and drugs, and to classical black-box whole-cell screens. At the same time, due to the application of existing methods and the emergence of new high-throughput biology methods, we observe the generation of unprecedented qualities and quantities of genomic and other omics data on bacteria and their physiology. Tuberculosis (TB) drug discovery and biology follow the same pattern. There is a clear need to reconnect antibacterial drug discovery with modern, genome-based biology to enable the identification of new targets with high confidence for the rational discovery of new drugs. To exploit the increasing amount of bacterial biology information, a variety of <I>in silico</I> methods have been developed and applied to large-scale biological models to identify candidate antibacterial targets. Here, we review key concepts in network analysis for target discovery in tuberculosis and provide a summary of potential TB drug targets identified by the individual methods. We also discuss current developments and future prospects for the application of systems biology in the field of TB target discovery.</P>
Lee, Won Jae,Bevan, Anne Staton 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1998 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.4 No.5
Single Si_(1-x)Ge_x epilayer on Si buffer layer (~100 nm) was grown by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) at 640℃. Samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. For all the samples investigated, the misfit dislocations were irregularly distributed along the [110] and [110) directions. As the Ge content, x, in Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si epilayers (x≤0.15) increased, the distribution of dislocations changed from a 2 dimensional to a 3 dimensional network in both the epilayer and buffer-substrate. The majority of misfit dislocations in the Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si(001) epilayers was of 60 type dislocations.
Lee, Won Jae,Bevan, Anne E Staton 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1999 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.5 No.3
Transmission electron microscopy has been employed to investigate dislocation configurations and interactions in Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si(001) epilayer heterostructures grown by Gas-Source MBE. Thick Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si(001) epilayers had 3-dimensional configuration of misfit dislocations in the entire structure. The main arrays of misfit dislocations at each single Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si(001) interface were along the two $lt;110$gt; directions, being 60 type in character. Three-way dislocation configuration, resulting from the interaction between dislocations, was observed at the interface. Observation of $lt;001$gt; oriented dislocations having striation lines was new in low misfit (1$lt;%) Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si(001) epilayer heterostructures.
Lee, Won Jae,Bevan, Anne Staton 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1998 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.4 No.5
The degree of strain relaxation via a formation of misfit dislocation has been calculated in single Si_(1-x)Ge_x/Si (001) epilayers grown at 640℃, by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The scale of strain relief via misfit dislocation was below 22% for Ge content x ≤ 0.15. However, in the case of growth temperature of 550℃, the degree of strain relaxation in 270 nm single epilayer structures was 9% via misfit dislocation formation with negligible relaxation by surface undulation. As growth temperature decreased from 540℃ to 550℃ with higher Ge content (x=0.22), the mode of strain relaxation appears to have changed from one of misfit dislocation and surface undulation mechanism to that of predominant misfit dislocation formation.
Ahn, Jungoh,Chung, Bevan K S,Lee, Dong-Yup,Park, Myongsoo,Karimi, Iftekhar A,Jung, Joon-Ki,Lee, Hongweon Published by Elsevier/North Holland on behalf of t 2011 FEMS microbiology letters Vol.324 No.1
<P>We explored the physiological and metabolic effects of different carbon sources (glucose, fructose, and glucose/fructose mixture) in phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) knockout Escherichia coli mutant producing shikimic acid (SA). It was observed that the pgi(-) mutant grown on glucose exhibited significantly lower cell growth compared with the pgi(+) strain and its mixed glucose/fructose fermentation grew well. Interestingly, when fructose was used as a carbon source, the pgi(-) mutant showed the enhanced SA production compared with the pgi(+) strain. In silico analysis of a genome-scale E. coli model was then conducted to characterize the cellular metabolism and quantify NAPDH regeneration, which allowed us to understand such experimentally observed attenuated cell growth and enhanced SA production in glucose- and fructose-consuming pgi(-) mutant, respectively with respect to cofactor regeneration.</P>