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Anther Culture in Crop Plants: Progress and Perspectives
M. Thoihidul Islam(M. Thoihidul Islam ),Mohammad Rashid Arif(Mohammad Rashid Arif ),Md. Toufiq Hasan(Md. Toufiq Hasan ),Arif Hasan Khan Robin(Arif Hasan Khan Robin ) 한국육종학회 2023 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.11 No.2
A resurrection has started in haploid and double haploid research in the twenty-first century. The haploid and double haploid could be achieved through in vivo and in vitro anther and microspore culture techniques. Fixing the homozygosity is the most striking benefit of androgenesis. Various factors like genotypic dependency, growth condition, developmental stage of the microspore, pre-treatment, culture media, regeneration media, growth hormones, and various chemicals have a direct effect. Wheat, rice, Brassica, and tobacco are the notable crops where anther and microspore culture has been utilized. These haploidy and double haploidy through anther culture served many purposes of basic and applied research. Especially, double haploid cultivars have been cultivating around the globe. In addition, for chromosome mapping, QTL mapping, marker-assisted selection, marker-assisted backcrossing, mutation breeding, genome-wide association study, genomic engineering, and genome editing, androgenesis based haploid and double haploid plants have been exploited due to the effectiveness. Recently, researchers are trying to explain albinism that happens during anther culture from an epigenetic perspective. Further prospects of haploid and doubled haploid research through anther culture have been described in this review.
Arif Hasan Khan Robin,Jong-In Park,Nasar Uddin Ahmed,Rawnak Laila,Ill-Sup Nou 한국육종학회 2015 한국육종학회 심포지엄 Vol.2015 No.07
Blackleg disease caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is the most devastating disease of Brassica germplam worldwide that causes million tonnes of crop losses per year throughout the world. To date, a total of 12 race-specific resistance genes of Brassica napus to L. maculans have been reported but linkage mapping analysis reveals that all of those loci are located in A genome i.e., in B. rapa chromosomes. B. oleracea has high ancestral synteny with B. rapa through their evolution. We believe that presence of qualitative resistance is possible in B. oleracea germplasm. The present study was therefore planned to find out any race-specific qualitative resistance gene present in C genome of B. oleracea. A total of 16 microsatellite markers were used which are linked to seven different Rlm and Lep genes of B. napus to screen 32 inbred lines of cabbage. Primers were designed based on homology assessment in corresponding nucleotide sequence available in Bolbase (a B. oleracea genome database, http://www.ocri-genomics.org/bolbase/index.html), located in B. oleracea scaffolds/chromosomes. Out of 16 SSR markers, 13 were found polymorphic which indicates possible existence of resistant genes in cabbage lines. The inbred lines are then assessed against two L. maculans stains with known avirulent genes. Some inbred lines were hypersensitive against gene-specific virulent strains of L. maculans that confirmed existence of Rlm1, Rlm2, Rlm4, LepR3 and LepR4 in the cabbage lines. In this way we were able to select out resistant and susceptible lines against each resistant gene. The gene-specific polymorphic SSR marker regions were cloned and sequenced and candidate SNPs were identified for confirmation of their functionality.
Role of Cytokinins in Clubroot Disease Development
Arif Hasan Khan Robin,Mohammad Rashed Hossain,Hoy-Taek Kim,노일섭,박종인 한국육종학회 2019 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.7 No.2
Clubroot, caused by the obligate biotrophic protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is a devastating disease of crucifers that causes substantial economic loss worldwide. The disease is characterized by the formation of galls in the root and hypocotyl of infected plants which restricts host vascular cambium development inhibiting efficient water and nutrient uptake by the plant. The pathogen-driven interference of hormonal homeostasis, particularly of cytokinin, in the root tissue is intricately linked with induction of hypertrophy and cell divisions leading to formation of galls. Levels of cytokinins and cell division generally increase at the onset of the disease which declines at the later stages of gall formation. The genes involved cytokinin biosynthesis such as cytokinin oxidase/ dehydrogenases and isopentenyl transferases shows differential expressions during clubroot infection and gall expansion in root tissues. Wider understanding of the roles of cytokinins and associated genes along the development of the disease will be helpful in unravelling plants defense mechanism against clubroot disease.
Arif Hasan Khan Robin,Gopal Saha,Jong-In Park,Rawnak Laila,Md Abdur Rahim,Mita Bagchi,Hoy-Taek Kim,Hee-Jeong Jung,Ill-Sup Nou 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.6
Blackleg disease caused by Leptosphaeria maculans aff ects oilseeds and vegetables species of the Brassicaceae family. Several resistant genes have been reported in Brassica species in the A and B genomes, but the resistant locus has yet tobe mapped in the vegetable species B. oleracea . Since both A and C genome Brassica species have high ancestral synteny,it is generally believed that functional resistance against blackleg could be present in B. oleracea . Rlm1 is a major resistantgene present in chromosome A07 of Brassica napus that interacts with the AvrLm1 avirulence gene of L. maculans forhypersensitive interaction. This study identifi ed 15 orthologous Rlm1 ′ genes in the genome of B. oleracea through genomebrowsing. Then, the relative expression of Rlm1 ′ genes was investigated in two resistant lines and two susceptible cabbagelines after the inoculation of two L. maculans isolates, 03–02 s and 00–100 s, bearing avirulence gene AvrLm1 . The selectedRlm1 ′ genes have nucleotide-binding site-toll/interleukin receptor (NBS-TIR), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), coiled-coil (CC),and pathogenesis-related domains in a 7.0-mega-base pair (Mbp) genomic segment of chromosome C06 of B. oleracea . ANBS family gene bearing a TIR domain, Bol040038 , was upregulated in the resistant cabbage line ‘BN4303’ at 6, 24, and48 h after inoculation in both isolates, indicating that this genes might off er resistance against both isolates. Three genes,namely, Bol023847 , Bol040045 , and Bol040066 , showed diff erential expression in both ‘BN4303’ and ‘BN4098’ resistantcabbage lines in response to both isolates. Ten genes were upregulated in both resistant cabbage lines, and two other genes,namely, Bol039924 and Bol040069 , were upregulated only in the resistant line ‘BN4098’ after the infection of the 00–100 sisolate. These results indicated that the putative Rlm1 ′ genes off er isolate-specifi c resistance. However, the mapping andfunctional analysis are required to determine the defi nitive role of the putative Rlm1 ′ genes.