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        Effects of Maillard reaction on physicochemical and functional properties of walnut protein isolate

        Sahibzada Fahim Ullah,Nasir Mehmood Khan,Farman Ali,Shujaat Ahmad,Zia Ullah Khan,Noor Rehman,Abdul Khaliq Jan,Nawshad Muhammad 한국식품과학회 2019 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.28 No.5

        In this study, the Maillard reaction (MR) ofglucose was applied to improve the physicochemical andfunctional properties of walnut protein isolate (WNPI). TheMR products (MRPs) were prepared with glucose at 0 h(MRP0), 1 h (MRP1), 2 h (MRP2) and 3 h (MRP3) heatingat 95 C. The Infra-Red spectrum showed reduction ofamide and S–H functionalities in MRPs with completeintermixing of glucose in MRP3. Scanning electronmicroscopy indicated changes in the morphology of MRP3which also exhibited promising antioxidant effect. Significantdecrease (P\0.05) in hydrophobicity values (Ho)and increase (P\0.05) in emulsifying activity/emulsifyingstability indexes values were observed for MRPs. Uniform droplet distribution was observed in microscopyof emulsions while an increase in the interfacial proteinconcentration (U) was obtained for MRPs. These resultssuggest that MR is useful in improving the utilization ofthis protein in food product development.

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        Multi-aging Effects on Vegetable Based Oils for Transformer Insulation in HV Systems

        Khan Irfanullah,Abid Muhammad Ahtasham,Ullah Kaleem,Ullah Zahid,Haider Aun,Ahmad Farhan Ammar,Zia Zain,Ali Sahibzada Muhammad 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.5

        Liquid insulation media is used for insulation and cooling purpose inside the transformer. Currently, transformers are using petroleum based mineral oil, which poses a serious hazardous environmental impact, since the mineral oil is non-renewable and non-biodegradable. Although, the increased cost and depleting nature of mineral oil cause an emergent need to use suitable alternatives to mineral oils that are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. In response to this resource issue, various vegetable oils, namely Sunfl ower oil, Soya bean oil, and a blend of Sunfl ower and Olive (BSO) oil are suitable alternatives for transformer insulation in high voltage systems. The afore-mentioned vegetable oils are subjected to multi-aging and comparative analysis is performed with mineral oil. Further, the dielectric and thermal properties of vegetable oils are tested before and after aging. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, water content, breakdown voltage, viscosity, fl ash point, tan delta, and pour point tests are performed on vegetable oils before and after aging. Finally, a comparative analysis of vegetable oils with mineral oil is provided to prove the effi cacy of the proposed vegetable oils. The BSO oil resulted in higher breakdown strength and good thermal behavior when subjected to the abovementioned various diagnostic measurement tests in comparison to other oils

      • A Survey of Cluster-based Routing Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks

        Gulbadan Sikander,Mohammad Haseeb Zafar,Ahmad Raza,Muhammad Inayatullah Babar,Sahibzada Ali Mahmud,Gul Muhammad Khan 한국산학기술학회 2013 SmartCR Vol.3 No.4

        In recent times, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become progressively more attractive and have found their way into a wide variety of applications and systems because of their low cost, self-organizing behavior, and sensing ability in harsh environments. A WSN is a collection of nodes organized into a network. Routing is a vital technology in WSNs and can be roughly divided into two categories: flat routing and hierarchical routing. In a flat routing topology, all nodes have identical functionality and carry out the same task in the network. Nodes in a hierarchical topology do different tasks in WSNs and are usually arranged into clusters. In this paper, a survey on cluster-based routing schemes for WSNs has been done and comparisons made on the basis of performance factors such as latency, scalability, and energy awareness. Strengths and limitations of each scheme are presented, and open issues that must be addressed in the design of cluster-based routing algorithms are discussed.

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