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RISS 인기검색어
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- 저자 : 柳承宙(Liu Seung-ju) (검색결과 1 건)
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柳承宙(Liu Seung-ju) 백산학회 1970 白山學報 Vol.- No.8
As the government of Ch’ing China moved from present-day Muk-den (奉天) to Peiping in the 22nd year of King In-jo (仁祖) of the Yi dynasty (A.D. 1644), envoys from the Korean court in later Yi dynasty period changed their course of travel to visit Peiping. Thus, the envoys and their retinues came to be called ‘bu-yeon-sa-haeng’ (赴燕使行-mission to Yenching), and the official interpreters that accompanied the envoys were called ‘bu-yeon-yeok-kwan’(赴燕譯官). For want of efficient personnel administration on the part of the government, these interpreters did not enjoy any professional security, nor were given adequate social standing or financial guarantee. So, except for a few who were fortunate enough to be appointed to official positions where a substantial income was assured of, all these interpreters had to rely entirely on the profit gained from their commericial activities undertaken on their journey to and from Peiping for a livelihood. What helped them with such commercial activities was their peculiar positions as interpreters, entrusted with the care and control of the hundreds of men and horses. Besides, due to their professional importance, they were allowed to take with them on these tours a certain number of private servants and beasts of burden. Also, they were able to make use of those other horses that had carried tributes to the Peiping court, when transporting goods traded in Peiping on their way back. These Interpreters, enjoying all these advantages and perquisites, were also approved of doing private business to a certain extent and, for they were entrusted with performance of official trade activities in behalf of many a government agency in Seoul, too, it was easy for them to secure loans from the goverment treasury. Their authorized funds for enterprising business came to amount to two to three thousand yang silver per year and, apart from this, their private or secret trading business came to scores or hundreds of times as much as the former on a trip. Their chief imports were silk products from Ch’ing, and these interpreter-traders exported them to Japan through the Japanese agencies stationed in Pusan. The export prices being two or three times what they had paid in Ch’ing, their profits were enormous. From these interpreter-traders, even such financial magnates as Pyeon Seung-eob (卞承業) emerged, who amassed over half a million yang silver. These wealthy capitalists invested part of their capitals in such industries as gold-mining, etc. There were non-interpreter traders also that illegally took part in the trading business with Ch’ing from the beginning, and they had continued gaining power until they bought public authorization some time from the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century. Thus, as time went on, the interpreter-traders and these merchants became opposed to each other, but the former were engaged mainly in relaying goods from Ch’ing to Japan, while the latter, in principle, in importation of goods for domestic markets. The trade between Ch’ing and Korea, that had been going on this way, however, had to undergo a sudden change of fortune in the 1720s as Japan began trading direct with China. With the markets in Japan blocked up now, the trade with this insular country rapidly declined. Frustrated, the interpreters made appeals to the government that it forbid those private traders, who had control of domestic markets for Ch’ing products, to trade with Ch’ing thenceforward. Forbidden to trade with Ch’ing, however, these private merchants never stopped to act. They went right on with their trade with Ch’ing, now illegally but still on a large scale, in the areas bordering on Ch’ing, and it was not long before that they resumed open trade with Ch’ing, in collusion with some government agencies. Thus, the ‘bu-yeon-yeok-kwan’ were gradually deprived of their control of the trade with China.
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