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金龍國(Kim Yong-kuk) 백산학회 1967 白山學報 Vol.- No.3
Around A.D. 670, even after Kokuryŏ(高句麗) and Bekje(百濟) fell under the allied armies of Silla(新羅) and T’ang(唐), the people of each country strived courageously to recover their fatherland. Later, groups of the Kokuryŏ people established Bal’hae (P’ohai)(渤海) in Manchuria, and the southern people adjusted themselves for a time in the Silla Dynasty. Toward the end of Silla, however, political corruption and thievery were rampant, making them insecure and restless, while the Bal’hae Dynasty in the north was weakened by the invasions of Kitai(契丹). As a result, the lost territory of Kokuryŏ north of the Tedong(大同) River, including Pyongyang(平壤), was devastated, and the people’s desire to recover their fatherland and reconstruct it was greatly heightened. Of the forces that rose against the Silla Dynasty, the two strongest were led by Kyŏn Hwŏn(甄萱) and Kung Ye(弓裔), who resorted to that desire by promising to revenge on Silla for having drawn on the strength of a foreign power to crush its neighboring countries of the same national origin. Kung Ye, who posed as the successor to the throne of Kokuryo, was so powerful that his territory covered the central part of the Korean peninsula and extended as far north as over the Tedong River, which was then Silla’s northwestern border. Unlike Silla, which imitated Tang’s system, he enhanced the spirit of national independence by adding a creative touch to the existing system. Toward his final years, however, Kung Ye became too arrogant and perpetrated injustices at will. Whereupon his able generals left him to help Wang Ken establish the Koryŏ(高麗) Dynasty as succeeding to Kokuryŏ, Later, the soldiers, officials, and people of Hu-sam-kuk(後三國)(Late Three Kingdoms) united around Koryŏ, which then moved to realize the national ideal of recovering the lost territory of Kokuryŏ. With the founding of the new dynasty, Wang Kŏn(王建) exerted all possible efforts in that direction, recovering Pyŏngyang and expanding his territory to the Ch’ŏngch’ŏn(淸州) River. During the reign of the sixth king Sŏnjong(成宗), Koryŏ succeeded in occupying the once Kokuryŏ territory south of the Yalu River against Kitai, a powerful enemy in the north, that claimed the right to the territory. Unflagging in its efforts, Koryo eventually subjugated Jurchen (女眞) in the northeast and brought back the area south of the Tumen River. It is regrettable that the extensive territory of Kokuryŏ in Machuria was lost permanently, but without the strenuous efforts made by Koryŏ, the Korean peninsula of today could not have been our own.
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金龍國(Kim Yong-kuk) 백산학회 1970 白山學報 Vol.- No.8
Mt. Paek-du is a greatly revered mountain of Korea and has always been regarded by the people of Korea as a sacred area of their territory. The Koreans have lived and developed around this mountain for a long time since the beginning of their history, and therefore a way should be kept open for long for them continuously to live in the vast area around this mountain, which is one of their inherited possessions. The name Paek-du-san (literally, white-headed mountain) begins to appear in literature with Koryo-sa(高麗史-History of Koryo Kingdom), and it is by no means merely for the appearance of the mountain, as some people maintain, that the name Paek-dut(white-headed) came about, though truly, the top of the mountain is covered with white-coloured stone, or with snows for the greater part of a year as if to have a huge white urn set upside down on top of it. Mt. Paek-du is recorded in ancient Chinese literature by such names as Pulham(不咸), Taepaek(太白), and Kai-ma(蓋馬), these names all being mere transcriptions of the Korean words “barg-eum”(밝음), “keun-barg-eum”(큰밝음), and “geom”(검), which respectively mean light(光明), greater light(大光明), and god(神明). This is readily to be understood when one pays heed to such names of many other revered and sanctified mountains in the neighbourhood of ancient capitals and other population centres on the Peninsula as Tae-paek-san(太白山), Paek-san(白山), Ham-Pag-dal(含朴達), etc. The name Paek-du-san, too, should be regarded as another of such transcriptions of names of mountains held in great respect and awe of our ancestors. The Mt. ‘Tae-paek’ where, according to the folk legend on the founding of the Korean nation, the national founding father Tangun descended from heaven is also this White-headed Mountain, and such other great kingdoms that rose in succession in the east as Liao(遼), Chin(金), Ch’ing(淸)also believed this mountain to be a godly mountain and sacred area. Moreover, the people of Ch’ing Empire maintained that their royal ancestor had been born of a heavenly lady that descended from heaven on this mountain, the story having something in common with the Korean folk legend that the heavenly king Hwan-ung(桓雄), the son of the Emperor of Heaven Hwan-in(桓仁), descended from heaven on this mountain to beget Tan-gun(檀君), the founder of the Old Chosun nation(古朝鮮). A subject of deep interest, there has been handed down to us a theory that, apart from the worship of this mountain, Mt. Paek-du is the chief of all the great mountains in the east. In the Ch’ing dynasty, Emperor K’ang-hsi(康熙帝), Chao Chen-chen(趙愼畛), and others held an opinion that even Mt. T’ai (T’ai-san), the principal of all the five great mountains of China, not to say of all the other mountains in Manchuria and on the Korean Peninsula, was a branch of Mt. Paek-du range. Nam Sa-go(南師古), Kim Se-ryeom (金世濂), Ch?ng Yak-yong(丁若鏞), and many other Korean scholars, too, expressed their views that, needless to say of Mt. Paek-du not being a branch of Mt. Kun-lun(崑崙), all the mountains on the Continent, in Korea, and in Japan beyond the seas, were all branches of this White-headed Mountain. After the ancient nation (Old Chosun) that once prospered in the area around Mt. Paek-du, there came such other states as Suksin(肅愼), Ye(濊), Okjeo(沃沮), Puyo(扶餘), Malgal(靺鞨), Yeojin(女眞 Jurchen) and others, but those that occupied the whole area north and south of this mountain at once, building up a powerful kingdom each, were Koguryo and Palhae (Pohai) only. Since the area around Mt. Paekdu was within the territory of the Korean people for a very extended period of time since the beginning of history, there had been no definite demarcation lines in the area between Korea and Manchuria even after the Korean people, later, confined their sphere of activity mainly within the Peninsula.
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