인장에 찍힌 비잔티움 사회 -정체성과 소통의 거울-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양사학회 2012 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.112

This paper aims to explain in which a perspective of the study of Byzantine seals should be understood. Firstly, enormous efforts of publishing different collections in European and other countries that had ever been under direct or indirect influence of Byzantine authority show a high contribution of the lead seals to the other studies of Byzantine social, economical and military relations with neighbor countries. Secondly, the examinations of seals give insights into various aspects of Byzantine society. Different types of personal or institutional names, surnames, honorific titles, public functions or icons, all attested on the seals allow us to approach several kinds of analyses, for example, on the ethical origin, status, family background, kinship with the imperial family or others, public career and economical activity, promotional stage or administrative structure, religious piety, etc. Thus, this study is essentially concerned about the identities of all the members and institutions integrated into the Byzantine society. Finally, it is meaningful to highlight how the sealing functioned and to what extent it was considered important in the Byzantine world. Some literary and sigillographic sources inform the use of different weight of gold seal by emperors in diplomatic correspondences, the strict sealing process by several witness at the moment of testimony and judgment writing, the sealing on the soldier`s body and logistic products of the Army or the presence of imperial portrait on the seals of commercial tax agent, etc. All of the examples confirm that the seals were regarded as essential media for an authentic communication and exchange in the Byzantine world.

비잔티움과 튀르크 제국 사이의 아나톨리아 반도 -1071년부터 1096년까지 비잔티움인들의 저항을 중심으로-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양사학회 2012 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.115

This article`s aim is not only to examine the different stages of the Selcuk-Turkish penetration in Anatolia but also to trace the Byzantine response against the Turkish challenge during the period of 1071-1096. The first point is that under the emperor Michael VII (1071-1078), the Turks penetrated deep into Anatolia, moving out the Byzantine defensive system on the eastern borders. They occupied only a small number of cities, such as Trebizond, Coloneia and Caesarea. Therefore, the gloomy picture that we have usually seen of Anatolia at the end of the reign of Michael VII should be changed. On the other hand, it is sure that under the emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates (1078-1081), the revolt of Melissenos opened many towns of Bithynia and Phrygia to the Turks. The second point is that at the advent of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantines still occupied important positions. The defense of the eastern border system remained largely in place, and Turks could reach only Propontis by sea. The Byzantines held all coastal territories both in Paphlagonia and in the area of Optimation, Opsikion and Thrakesion. The situation of Anatolia inland was very confusing, but regions, such as those commissioned by Michael Bourtzes, were still resistant. The third point is that the years of 1084 - 85 mark a turning point. At that time the Dani?mend Turks moved around Sebasteia in the northeastern Anatolia. On the other hand, the Emperor Alexios I won territory (including the western part of Anatolia, the Opsikion and the Thrakesion) with the assistance of Theodoros Gabras. Except in Bithynia, the Selcuk-Turks eventually succeeded to break the Byzantine resistant front on the eve of the First Crusade. The final point is that the Byzantine persistence was not in vain, because considering the map of Byzantine regions, held the longest against the Turks, the coastal areas, Pontos, Thrakesion, Bithynia, largely corresponded to the territories that the Byzantines were able to regain after the First Crusade in 1096. Thus it showed that a short Turkish presence in western Anatolia between 1071 and 1096 did not make the Byzantine population forget its natural allegiance to the Empire. (Myongji University / wonho0722@hotmail.com)

일반논문 : 6세기 동로마-비잔티움 제국 운영 체제의 쇄신과 통합 -유스티니아누스 황제(527-565)의 국정 개혁을 중심으로-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양사학회 2013 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.119

This paper`s aim is to analyze the changing structure of the Eastern Roman Empire`s administrative system and its ruling elites of the sixth century. On the basis of this analysis, the present work interprets the impact of emperor Justinian I`s reforms of the imperial integration; and its meaning for the development of the Byzantine state and society from the seventh century on. The first imperial reform involves changing the senatorial class. Senators had been too privileged since the fourth century. By expanding the class of “illustres”, the emperor downgraded the status of the old senatorial aristocracy. Also, by creating new higher titles such as “gloriossus” and “magnificus”, he promoted the faithful servants of his inner circle to the top administrative positions. Therefore, the new aristocracy based on public service and allegiance to the emperor could emerge from the seventh century on. The second imperial reform was to simplify the complex fiscal administration (operated at three level units) by removing the intermediary diocesan level`s apparatus. As a result, the civil administration was made into two level units: prefectural and provincial. Thanks to this innovation, the ‘Largitiones’, an independent financial department, could be declined to be integrated into the fiscal sub-departments of the prefecture of the Orient during the seventh century on. The third imperial reform covered integrating the ancient urban institutions into centralized provincial governance. While protecting cities and their autonomy, the emperor strengthened the provincial governor`s financial and military authority. As a result, municipal independence declined while the central supervision of the urban population increased. Thus the imperial church played an increasingly important role in city affairs and also local troops could be established in and around the cities. It was the first step of the creation of new byzantine provincial administration from the seventh century on.

중세 동로마-비잔티움 사회의 문화적 정체성

황원호(Hwang Won-Ho) 한국서양사연구회 2014 서양사연구 Vol.0 No.51

한국과 중국의 국가 수준 고등학교 수학영재 교육과정의 비교·분석

황원호(Won Ho Hwang),조민식(Minshik Cho) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.2

목적 본 연구에서는 한국과 중국의 수학영재 교육이 어떻게 운영되는가를 고찰하기 위해 양국의 고등학교 수학 영재교육의 기본 방향을 제시하는 교육과정과 내용의 비교·분석을 통하여 한국의 수학영재 교육에 시사점을 찾고자 하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 한국의 2022 및 2015 교육과정 내용과 중국의 가장 최근 변경인 2017년 개정 수학과 교육과정 내용 및 그에 따른 교과서에서 수학영재를 위한 내용과 구성 방식을 분석하였다. 결과 대수, 해석, 기하, 확률과 통계, 수학사와 정의적 영역의 분야에서 전반적으로 한국은 각 영역 내에서 표준화된 과정과 내용에 충실한 반면, 중국은 구체적인 주제 중심으로 전개하여 영역에 구애받지 않고 통합적 전개를 하는 경우가 있었다. 기하 영역에서는 한국의 2015 교육과정에서 수학영재를 위한 내용이 중국에 비하여 현저히 부족하였으나 2022 교육과정에서 신설된 고급 기하에서 이를 충분히 극복하였고 수학사 및 정의적 영역 등 중국에 비하여 부족했던 부분도 2022 교육과정의 수학과 문화, 인공지능 수학 등에서 발전적으로 확대되었다. 결론 양국 모두 수학영재 교육에 사용되고 있는 심화 과정과 교과서가 있으나, 한국은 내용 구성요소와 난이도에 따라 일반계 고등학교에서 사용하는 공통교과와 선택교과 그리고 특수목적 고등학교(과학고나 과학영재학교 등)에서 사용하는 전문교과로 구분되어 있는데 반하여, 중국은 필수교과와 선택교과로만 구분되어 있다. 다만 한국은 전문교과의 교과서가 단일 도서이지만 중국은 출판사별로 구성요소와 난이도에 따른 수준별 교과서를 허용하여 내용과 수준이 다양하였다. Objectives The purpose of this study is to find implications for Korean mathematics education by examining how gifted mathematics education is operated in Korea and China through a comparison and analysis of the basic direc-tions of gifted mathematics education in high schools in both countries. Methods We analyzed the contents and composition methods for mathematically gifted students in the education curriculum and textbooks in Korea’s 2022 and 2015 curricula and China’s 2017 revised mathematics and curricu-lum contents and textbooks. Results Korea adheres to standardized processes and contents in each area of algebra, analysis, geometry, proba-bility and statistics, and mathematical history and definitional areas, while China sometimes develops integrated processes that are not restricted to areas by focusing on specific topics. In the geometry area, Korea’s 2015 curric-ulum lacked content for mathematics gifted students compared to China, but this was sufficiently overcome in the advanced geometry newly established in the 2022 curriculum, and the parts that were lacking compared to China, such as mathematical history and definitional areas, were also expanded in mathematics and culture, AI mathe-matics, and other areas of the 2022 curriculum. Conclusions Both countries have advanced courses and textbooks being used in mathematics gifted education, but Korea is divided into general courses and elective courses and specialized courses used in special purpose high schools such as science high schools according to the content composition elements and difficulty, while China is only divided into required courses and elective courses. However, while Korea’s specialized course textbooks are a single book, China allows publishers to create level-based textbooks based on composition elements and difficulty, resulting in diverse content and levels.

Steel Cord 생산을 위한 초고속 습식 신선 패스 설계

황원호(Won Ho Hwang),이상곤(Sang Gon Lee),김병민(Byung Min Kim),고우식(Woo Shick Ko) 한국소성·가공학회 2005 소성가공 : 한국소성가공학회지 Vol.14 No.9

인장을 통해서 본 비잔티움 문관(文官)엘리트 -7~9세기 게니콘 로고테테스를 중심으로-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양중세사학회 2011 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.28

Thanks to about 70,000 lead seals discovered in ancient byzantine empire`s territory and now conserved at many museums or national libraries in European countries, the studies on the Byzantine bureaucracy have been considerably developed over the past half century. Seals provide important information on byzantine administration and imperial elites. This article`s aim is to illuminate not only the identities of civil bureaucratic elites but also their role in the imperial administration by examining the information of the lead seals. For this purpose, the analyses were carried out on the names, dignities, functions and public careers of six logothetes of genikon, or minister of general Treasury during the period between the second half of 7th century and the first half of the 9th century. Firstly, the titles of patrikios or protospatharios, held by most ministers of general Treasury either on the seals or in the literary sources show the high position of the dignitaries integrated into the new imperial hierarchy in the 7th-9th centuries. So we can understand on this evidence the high relationship of the title holders with emperors at the Court during the same period. Especially, the hallmark of the monk (monachos), held by the minister of general Treasury, Theodotos in 694/695 make us understand the key financial post of general Treasury used to be attributed to the most faithful servant at the inner circle of the emperor`s men to assure imperial authority and security. Secondly, the personal name or surname held by the ministers of general Treasury, George Syros and Sisinnios show the dignitaries` origin of Syrians and Armenian family whose ancestors would have been immigrated to the imperial territories before their sons or grand sons were recruited in the new emerging bureaucracy. However the title of different nature, apo hypaton, held by the first minister of general Treasury Paulos makes sure that the financial key post could be also attributed to dignitaries issued from the old senatorial families. In evidence, we can understand the openness of byzantine civil bureaucracy based on the personal competence and loyalty to the emperors during the same period. Due to the absence of the dignitaries` family names on the seals of the same period, we can`t estimate how much the civil bureaucratic families were so influential on the whole aristocratic society during the same period but the appearance of some family names in the literary sources, like the Monomachos or the Triphyllios, to which the contemporary ministers Niketas and Sisinnios could belong, make us guess the origin of the new aristocratic families and their solidarity developing from the second half of 8th century. Finally, another viewing point of analysis is on the career stages of some ministers of general Treasury who were or could be nominated not only to the financial posts but also to the military commander in chief. It seems that simultaneous or alternative exercise by some high dignitaries of different type of fiscal and military functions authorized the byzantine government to finance the new provincial Army (themata) in keeping the whole budget of payments of imperial elites during the crisis of Arabs invasions in the 7th-8th centuries. So we can understand on this assumption the flexibility of Byzantine fiscal administration well adapted to the military organization and the way in which Byzantine empire was able to survive in the same period of economic and military crisis.

중세 비잔티움 귀족사회의 다문화성 -10-11세기 아랍-이슬람 출신 인사들을 중심으로-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양중세사학회 2012 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.30

This article`s aim is to illuminate the multicultural nature of Byzantine aristocracy in the light of Arab-Islam originated elites during the 10th-11th centuries. For this purpose, our analyses were carried out not only on the names, family names, titles held by some imperial dignitaries but also on their public careers and activities. Firstly, the evidence of the high ranks of the court hierarchy, sebastos, protonobelissimos, rector, magistros, vestarchos, praepositos, anthypatos, patrikios and protospatharios shows the close relationship of the Arab-Islam immigrated elites with Byzantine emperors. On the other hand, the different type of military and civil functions exercised by the same group of dignitaries illustre their high ability in Byzantine Army and civil administration. Secondly, the evidence of some Arab-Islam originated family names or acculturated names(anthroponimy), for example, Amiropoulos, Sarakenopoulos, Anemas, Chase, Hassan, Abdalas, Bourtzes, Koulaib, Moussarab, Mansur, Nasur and Ubaidalah etc., refelct the immigration movement of Arab noble families into Byzantine imperial territories during the same period when the Byzantine army pushed out against Arab-Islam forces in the eastern Asia Minor, northern Syria and Palestine. On the other hand, the presence of Greek-Byzantine given names held by a number of dignitaries and their relatives, for example, Ioannes, Georgios, Constantinos, Theognost, Mikael etc., proves an integration of the Arab noble families by intermarriage and religious conversion into Byzantine aristocracy during the first half of 11th century. Finally, some key military and civil offices the frontier zones committed to some imperial dignitaries illustrate the intermediary role played by Arab immigrated elites between Byzantine government and indigenous population in the territories for a long time occupied by Arab-Islam forces. For example, the position of strategos (military commander) in the thema of Cibyirreotes or Hellas and the exercise of doux (governors) or basilikos (tax official) at Antioch in northern Syria as well as at southern Italy allow us to understand Byzantine emperors` multicultural policy, whiche was intented to incorporate the heterogeneous population in Byzantine empire.

중세 비잔티움 권력 엘리트 여성의 역할과 정체성 -7세기-12세기 인장에 찍힌 여성들을 중심으로-

황원호 ( Won Ho Hwang ) 한국서양중세사학회 2014 西洋中世史硏究 Vol.0 No.33

본 연구의 목적은 비잔티움 제국 황실 및 귀족 여성들의 인장에 담긴 신원 정보를 분석함으로써 중세 엘리트 여성의 역할과 지위 그리고 집단적 정체성 형성 과정을 조명하는데 있다. 이를 위해 본고는 7세기에서 12세기 인장에 나타나는 여성의 이름과 가문명, 칭호와 이미지들을 문헌 사료에 나타나는 황후와 귀부인들의 생애와 경력을 함께 대조-분석하고 이들의 지위와 역할에 따른 정체성 변화를 추적하였다. 첫째, 인장에 찍힌 황후 및 귀부인들의 칭호들은 동시대 상류 여성들이 수행한 역할과 이에 따른 지위 체계를 잘 보여준다. 중세 가부장적 사회에서 여성들은 주로 남성의 지위에 종속되었으며 정치참여나 권력 행사는 기본적으로 제한되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 인장에 새겨진 궁정 여성들의 칭호들은 남성 들과의 다양한 사회적 관계(부부, 모자, 사위와 장모, 남매, 부녀 관계)를 통해 상당한 정치 권력과 영향력을 행사할 수 있었던 존재였음을 확인시켜준다. 또한 인장에는 황후의 초상이나 귀부인들이 개인적으로 숭배하는 성인의 초상들이 나타난다. 그것은 동시대 엘리트 여성들이 공적으로 표현할 수 있었던 자기 정체성(self-identity)혹은 자기 이미지(self-image)를 잘 드러내는 것이며, 남성과 협력을 통해 혹은 남성의 부재시에 독자적으로 가문과 제국을 대표할 수 있었던 존재였음을 증명한다. 둘째, 인장에 찍한 다양한 가문명(family name)들은 비잔티움 귀족 가문의 구성원들 간에 집단적 소속감 혹은 연대 의식을 잘 보여주는 증거이다. 7세기에서 10세기 동안에 드물게 나타났던 궁정 귀부인들의 인장은 11세기 귀족 가문의 발전과 함께 급격하게 증가한다. 이때부터 귀부인들은 주로 출신 집안의 부계 또는 모계의 성을 따라 자신의 출신 가문을 인장에 새겼다. 그것은 비잔티움 귀족 가문들 간에 정략 결혼을 통한 동맹 관계가 증가함에 따라 동시대 여성들 역시 출신 가문의 상속녀로서 그들이 갖는 지위와 특권을 공적으로 나타내고자 했음을 확인시켜준다. 셋째, 인장에 찍한 다양한 친족 관계(kinship ties)들은 귀족 여성들의 집단적 정체성이 확립되었음을 증거해 준다. 그것은 12세기 콤네노스 황조와 함께 본격적으로 인장에 출현하는데 주로 황실 여성들이 수행한 정치-사회-경제적 역할과 특권들이 공식적으로 인정된 결과였다. 특히 어머니 안나 달라세나의 막강한 영향력과 정치적 수완을 통해 권력에 오른 황제 알렉시오스 1세 콤네노스는 그녀의 섭정과 콤네노스 일족들의 지지를 중심으로 새로운 국가 체제를 세우는데 성공했다. 이때부터 황실 여성들은 외국 왕실 가문과의 결혼 동맹에 보다 적극적으로 참여했으며 황실의 합법적인 상속녀로서의 지위와 혈통성(porphyrogenneta)을 인장에 공식적으로 새기기 시작했다. 그 결과 귀족 가문의 남성들 역시 이러한 황실 여성과 맺은 다양한 친족 관계를 자신의 인장에 강조하게 되었다. 그것은 12세기에 이르면 적어도 비잔티움 상류 여성들은 남성의 지위에 따르는 부차적인 존재가 아니라 상류 엘리트 사회의 통합을 위한 독립적인 매개체로 인식되었음을 각인시켜준다. This study`s aim is to investigate the Byzantine Power Elite Women`s roles and identities in the light of dated seals of the 7th and 12th centuries. The Byzantine dated seals, which were used to authenticate legal documents and letters, are nowadays considered to be very important research material because they provide us with much information on the Byzantine people`s identities. A group of female signers` names (family and given names), titles, kinship ties and symbolic images are well attested on a number of dated seals. Thus, with the seals elements stamped on the seals, this paper will highlight the Byzantine elite women`s roles and identities changed in the medieval Byzantine History. Firstly, the presence of a different rank of titles on the seals demonstrates some sort of power and influence that the Byzantine elite women had wielded not only for their family`s promotion but also for the Empire`s political integration. The official titles attributed to empresses and aristocratic women show clearly the elite women`s roles and identities in Byzantium because it used to be attributed to the imperial wives and mothers or later even to daughters. Moreover the effigy of empresses or image of Mother of God stamped on their seals reveals also the elite women`s most public self-images or self-identities. Secondly, the different type of names and titles on the seals reflects the change of the elite women`s roles and identities in the course of 7th and 12th centuries. Between the 7th and the 10th centuries, one of the dominant images of empresses was as wife and mother. It is well known for two empresses to be responsible for the restoration of icons during the period of Iconoclasm. Of two women, Eirene played a role as sole female ruler. The other iconophile empress Theodora is portrayed in written and sigillographic sources as anxious for the salvation of her iconoclast husband and regent for her son. Thirdly, the presence of the family name added to given name on the seals illustrates the elite women`s roles and identities changed from the 11th century. We can understand that from the empress Zoe through to the women of the Komnenian dynasty, aristocratic daughters did on occasion wield imperial power for themselves and certainly provided a force to be reckoned with. Especially Anna Dalassene`s dramatic life and long career confirms that, from the 11th century, the daughters of noble families played more significant role in favor of their families as bearers of lineage and property while the aristocracy extended its power in the Byzantium. Finally, the different kinship ties on the seals confirm that Byzantine women had access to political power through the relationship with their family male members. This might be as mother (the empress Eirene and Theodora), wife (the empress Theodora and Anna Dalassene and daughter (the empresses Zoe and Theodora). Thus, in the course of the 12th century, the increasing numbers of the kinship ties on the seals demonstrate that the Byzantine women`s roles and identities were the most formulated in public domains with their social position reaching the climax.

한국과 중국의 국가 수준 고등학교 수학과 교육과정의 비교 분석

황원호(Hwang, Won Ho),조민식(Cho, Minshik) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2021 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.21 No.24

목적 본 연구에서는 고등학교 수학교육의 기본 방향을 제시하고 이끄는 고등학교 수학과 교육과정에 대하여 한국과 중국의 비교⋅분석을 통하여 한국의 수학과 교육과정 개정에 시사점을 찾고자 하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 가장 최근에 변경된 한국의 2015년, 중국의 2017년 개정 수학과 교육과정을 선정하였고, 선행연구를 토대로 두 교육과정의 내용과 구성방식의 특징을 파악하고 개정의 방향과 내용을 비교⋅분석하여 유사점과 차이점을 찾고자 하였다. 결과 양국 모두 전인교육, 학습량 경감, 진로와 적성에 따른 선택중심의 교육과정, 과정 중심의 평가, 공학적 도구의 활용을 기본 방침으로 삼고 있었다. 차이점으로는 학습 시간 제시, 수업과 평가에 관한 예시, 교재에 대한 권고, 교사의 소양 강조, 교과서 사용 방식, 실질적 학습량 차이 등이 있었다. 결론 한국은 중국보다 교육공동체가 자율적으로 교육과정을 구성할 수 있는 형태적 요소를 가지고 있으나 중국처럼 교육과정 속에 교재 집필에 대한 권고가 따로 포함되어 있지 않고, 교사의 소양 교육에 대한 언급도 없었다. 중국은 정식 교육과정 이전에 실험 교육과정을 운영하는데 현재 정식 교육과정에 따른 교과서뿐만 아니라 실험 교육과정에 따른 교과서도 학교 현장에서 사용할 수 있도록 허용하고 있다. 양국 모두 학습량 경감을 추구하였으나 실질적 학습량을 결정하는 대입 시험출제 기준으로 보았을 때 중국의 기본 학습량이 한국보다 많았다. Objectives The purposes of this study were to analyze and compare for the high school mathematics curriculum between Korea and China. Methods The most recently changed 2015 Korean anf 2017 Chinese revised mathematics curriculum were selected and analyzes by similarities and differences. Results In both countries, common basic policies were holistic education, reduction of learning materials, selection-oriented curriculum, process-focused assessment, and using of technologies. Differences were learning time, examples of class and assessment, recommendations for textbooks, emphasis on teacher literacy, method of using textbooks, and the actual amount of learning times. Conclusions Compared to China, in korea, it was allowed for teachers to organize curriculum autonomously, no recommendations how to write textbooks. China operates an experimental curriculum before official one unlike Korea. Moreover, the actual amount of learning time in China was higher than that in Korea.