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Immunological Strategies for Treating Chronic Viral Infections
Sang-Jun Ha(하상준) 한국실험동물학회 2010 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.2
Today, chronic viral infections such as HIV, HBV, and HCV, became a major issue to threaten public health. Chronically infected individuals not only act as a reservoir for viral spread, but also chronic infection in general increases the risk of subsequent diseases and secondary infections with other pathogens. In the face of continuously spreading viruses, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines that can be used therapeutically. Many chronic viral infections are marked by pathogen persistence and a generalized immunosuppression. The exact mechanisms by which this occurs are still unknown. The strategy comparing immune responses after acute vs. chronic viral infection might be one of the ways to uncover the mechanism of immunosuppression caused by chronic viral infection. We analyzed the function and phenotype of both T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) after acute vs. chronic infection. By comparing antigen-specific acute and chronic T cells, we found that co-inhibitory molecules including Programmed death 1 (PD-1) are highly expressed on T cells, suppress their function, and finally leads to a progressive exhaustion. We also observed that conversion of DC subtypes priming T cells (from lymphoid DCs to myeloid or plasmacytoid DCs) occurred during chronic infection but not acute infection. Therefore, the strategy both blocking inhibitory signals on T cells and targeting antigen to proper DCs might overcome immunosuppression and subsequently enhance the clearance of persistent virus.
하상준(Sang-Jun Ha),정창원(Chang Won Jung) 한국전자파학회 2011 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.22 No.8
본 논문에서는 직물형 회로 기판상에 설계된 U-슬롯을 갖는 빔 조향(beam steering) 마이크로스트립 패치(microstrip patch) 안테나를 제안하였다. 본 안테나는 직물형 회로 기판 및 의복상에 제작하는 것을 목적으로 설계되었으며, 동작 주파수 6.0 ㎓에서 빔 조향이 가능하도록 설계되었다. 빔 조향을 위해 U-슬롯과 간접적 급전(in-direct feed) 방식이 적용되었으며, 안테나 패치 부분과 간접 급전부 사이에 두 개의 가상 스위치(line connection)을 이용하였다. 두 개의 가상 스위치 조합(S?, S₁, S₂)에 따라, 최대 빔 방사 방향은 yz-평면상에서 θ=0°, 30°, 331°, 세 방향으로의 빔 조향이 가능하다. 전체 반전력 빔 폭(HPBW)에 의한 빔 커버리지는 약 115°이고, 빔 조향시 6.11~6.69 ㏈i의 최대 이득(peak gain)을 갖는다. Reconfigurable beam steering using microstrippatch antenna with U-slot is proposed for wearable fabric applications. The proposed antenna is manufactured on a fabric substrate, and designed to steer the beam directions at the operation frequency of 6.0 ㎓. The U-shaped slot and the indirect feeding-techniques are utilized in designing the proposed antenna. By the configuration of two artificial switches(S?, S₁, S₂) in between the indirect feed and the antenna patch, the antenna has three beam directions. The maximum beam directions are steerable in the yz-plane(θ=0°, 30°, 331°), and the overall HPBW is 115°. The measured peak gains are 6.11~6.69 ㏈i.
하상준(Sang-Jun Ha),김용진(Yongjin Kim),정창원(Chang Won Jung) 한국전자파학회 2010 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.21 No.8
본 논문에서는 다이폴과 루프 안테나가 결합된 빔 조향(steering) 재구성(reconfigurable) 안테나를 제시하였다. 본 안테나는 다이폴(dipole)과 루프(loop) 두 안테나가 결합하였을 때, 특정 비율에서 빔 방사 방향이 서로 상쇄되거나 보상되는 특성을 이용한 빔 조향 안테나이다. 본 안테나는 구조적으로 비교적 간단한 평판형 안테나이며, 안테나 상에 두 개의 스위치를 이용하여 안테나의 xy-평면상에서 서로 다른 세 개의 빔 방향을 갖도록 설계되었다. 본 논문에서는 우선 스위치를 이용한 빔 조향의 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 2개의 가상의 스위치(line 연결)를 이용하였으며, 두 개의 스위치 on/off 상태에 따라, 최대 빔 방향은 xy-평면상에서 0˚, ±50˚, 3개의 빔 조향이 가능하다. 동작 주파수는 VSWR 2:1 기준으로 2.50~2.56 ㎓이다. 빔 조향 시 2.48~1.96 dBi의 최대 이득(peak gain)을 가지며, 세 가지 빔은 전체 125˚ 정도의 넓은 빔 커버리지를 갖는다. In this paper, we propose a reconfigurable beam steering antenna using a dipole and a loop. The radiation patterns of the two antennas were cancelled or compensated, and head for the specific direction when a dipole and a loop antenna are combined at the reasonable ratio. The structure of the antenna is very simple and planar. By changing on/off states of switches, the proposed antenna can steer the beam direction in the x-y plane. Simulation results confirmed the steering characteristic by using two imaginary switches. The proposed antenna can change the direction of the maximum gain in the x-y plane(0˚, ±50˚). The proposed antenna operates in 2.5~2.56 ㎓(VSWR<2). It showed that peak gain of the antenna is 1.96~2.48 dBi and overall beam width of the reconfigurable antenna covers about 125˚.
총채널 불확실도를 적용한 원전 노심출구온도의 운전가능 판정기준
성제중 ( Je Joong Sung ),윤덕주 ( Yoon Duk Joo ),하상준 ( Sang Jun Ha ) 한국안전학회(구 한국산업안전학회) 2014 한국안전학회지 Vol.29 No.6
Nuclear power plants are equipped with the reactor trip system (RTS) and the engineered safety features actuation system(ESFAS) to improve safety on the normal operation. In the event of the design basis accident (DBA), a various of post accident monitor(PAM)systems support to provide important details (e.g. Containment pressure, temperature and pressure of reactor cooling system and core exit temperature) to determine action of main control room (MCR). Operator should be immediately activated for the accident mitigation with the information. Especially, core exit temperature is a critical parameter because the operating mode converts from normal mode to emergency mode when the temperature of core exit reaches 649 ℃. In this study, uncertainty which was caused by exterior environment, characteristic of thermocouple/connector and accuracy of calibrator/indicator was evaluated in accordance with ANSI-ISA 67.04. The square root of the sum of square (SRSS) methodology for combining uncertainty terms that are random and independent was used in the synthesis. Every uncertainty that may exist in the hardware which is used to measure the core exittemperature was conservatively applied and the associative relation between the elements of uncertainty was considered simultaneously. As a result of uncertainty evaluation, the channel statistical allowance (CSA) of single channel of core exit temperature was+1.042%Span. The range of uncertainty,-0.35%Span (-4.05℃) ~ +2.08%Span(24.25℃), was obtained as the operating criteria of core exit temperature.