한국녀성(韓國女性)의 가족주기(家族週期) 변화(變化)에 관한 연구(硏究)

조애저 ( Ae-jeo Cho ) 한국보건사회연구원 1998 保健社會硏究 Vol.18 No.1

본 연구는 1997년도 『全國 出産力 및 家族保健實態調査』 대상 중 15~49세의 초혼 유배우 부인으로써 출산경험이 있는 5,722명을 대상으로 世界保健機構의 2世代 핵가족 가족주기 基本模型을 적용하여 韓國女性의 家族週期의 變化를 推定해보고, 그에 따른 여성의 가족생활의 변화 및 복지욕구의 파악으로 향후 이들을 위한 가족주기 단계별 福祉政策 方向을 摸索해 보고자 시도된 것이다. 가족주기의 추정결과 家族形成期는 1974년 이전 결혼코호트에서는 1.5년이 소요되었으나 1995년 이후 결혼코호트에서는 0.8년으로 단축되었으며, 擴大期는 같은 코호트간에 5.3년에서 1.1년으로 단축되는 양상을 보였다. 이에 비해 擴大完了期는 점점 길어지고 있어 1974년 이전 결혼코호트에서는 22.4년이던 것이 1995년 이후 결혼코호트에서는 26.4년이 소요될 것으로 추정되었으며, 縮小期는 확대기와 마찬가지로 최근의 결혼코호트일수록 점차 짧아져 1974년 이전 결혼코호트에서는 5.3년이 소요되었으나 1995년 이후 결혼코호트에서는 1.1년이 소요되었다. 자녀를 모두 떠나보낸 후 老人夫婦만이 남는 빈 둥지시기인 縮小完了期는 최근에 결혼한 젊은층 부인일수록 길어져 1974년 이전 결혼코호트에서는 4.2년에 불과하였으나 1995년 이후 결혼코호트에서는 14.2년으로 증가하는 추세이며, 남편사망 이후 부인 혼자 남는 시기인 解體期는 1974년 이전 결혼코호트는 10.8년, 1985~1994년 결혼코호트 12.6년으로 길어지다가 1995년 이후 결혼코호트에서는 12.3년으로 다소 짧아지는 경향을 보이고 있다. 전체적으로 볼 때 가족주기 前期段階는 단축되는 반면, 後期段階는 점차 연장되는 추세를 보인다. 이러한 가족주기의 變化에 相應하기 위해 가족주기 전기단계에 속한 부인들을 위해서는 기혼여성의 就業活性化 方案 마련 및 家庭과 職場生活의 兩立을 지원해줄 수 있는 政策의 擴大가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 한편 길어진 노년기를 배우자 없이 혼자서 보내야 하는 후기단계의 많은 여성노인들을 위해서는 전반적인 老人福祉 서비스의 擴大뿐만 아니라 性 認知的인 老人福祉政策의 樹立이 요구된다 The aim of this study is to review the change of life cycle of Korean women during the past three decades, to identify the change of family life and their welfare needs, and finally to provide family welfare policy directions by life cycle stages. The study analyzed the result of the 1997 National Fertility and Family Health Survey targetting 5,722 currently married women aged 15 to 49 with birth delivery experience. The analytic framework employed in this study is based on "The Basic Model of Nuclear Family Life Cycle" proposed by WHO. According to the analysis, the family formation period and extension period grew gradually shorter, while the completed extension period grew longer. Further, the family contraction period grew shorter, while the family completed contraction period grew longer, which is found especially among the young group. The family dissolution period, the last step of the family life cycle has grown longer in the past, but has started to grow shorter recently. As support measures for women in the former stage of the life cycle, there should be activation of the reemployment system and extension of child care services. The prolonging of the latter stage of the life cycle will increase the need for comprehensive and gender-sensitive welfare services for the elderly. Since the time spent together for a couple on their own is prolonged after old-age, various programs for old couples should be developed at recreation centers and social education centers.

한국(韓國)의 양노원(養老院) 노인실웅(老人實熊)

조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ),공세권 ( Sae Kwon Kong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1984 保健社會硏究 Vol.4 No.2

The institutional care for the aged in Korea was founded in 1921 as a social welfare system for the aged over 65 who had no familial support. As of May 1983, there were 56 institutions throughout the nation and the total number of institutionalized the aged whose minimum living expenses were provided by government are 3,876 persons. In recent years, as a result of rapid increase in the numbers and proportion of the aged and the reduction in the relative numbers of persons in the family support system, the size of population which need institutionalization is increasing. However, the available institutions are not enough to meet those needs. The characteristics of old people in institutional care are as follows: Among the aged over 65 years, 65 percent are female, the mean age is 73 years, the percent of no schooling is 73 percent of which 48 percent are illiterate and 80 percent of the aged have religions. The longest held occupations before their institutionalization were mostly blue collar jobs such as agriculture (26%), unskilled labour (23%), sales and service work (17%). The marital history showed that the majority had been married except 3.5 percent (male: 6.2%, female: 2.0%). However, at present, 94 percent (male: 90.2%, female: 96.2%) are single due to death of spouse (70.3%), seperation or divorce (20.0%) and other reasons. The family history shows that, 31 percent had never had any children (male: 27.3%, female: 33.3%), 64 percent had no living children, 87.8 percent had no living sons and 72.8 percent had no living daughters. 30 percent had not had any relatives while 32 percent had immediate family members and 38 percent had other relatives. Their main reason for institutionalization were, difficulty to support by themselves (79.2%), familial conflict (10.5%) and loneliness (10.3%). Health status shows that, about 38 percent had difficulty in daily living activities of which 18 percent has disability of extremities, 5.2 percent paralyses by stroke and 5.1 percent back trouble. According to their statements, 70 percent had one or more disease of which 35 percent had disease of the nervous system and sense organs and 11 percent, cardiovascular disease. Among them about 72 percent had been treated or are being treated while about 27 percent had not received any treatment. In institutional life, the most of the aged feel tired, sorrow for being alone, miss their families and worry about their health and pocket money. The majority of them pointed out the health, family relationship and wealth as a most important things in life. This study indicated that, institutional care for the aged should be changed from the present system of the aged with no familial support to the aged who need more comfortable and convenient living environment, supported by professional personnel and modern facilities. The more our societies become modernized the more the aged who needs societal support increase. So that, nursing homes should be ready for them as another type of home.

韓國의 都市化 傾向에 관한 考察

曺愛姐(Ae Jeo Cho),孔世權(Sae Kwon Kong) 한국인구학회 1983 한국인구학 Vol.6 No.1

Since 1960, the tendency of urbanization in Korea based on the data of population census was reviewed and summarized as follows; Firstly, the urbanization has been kept pase with industrialization in Korea since 1960. The industrialization has been started from cities and some of the industrial development areas have been proceeded changing into cities. For example, population dispersion policies for larger cities have been resulted in the development of satellite cities. The industrialization became one of the factors of population absorption providing employment opportunities and cultural and educational characteristics have accelerated population concentration in cities. Secondly, population increase or centralized political and economical system being developed with the industrialization has accelerated population concentration in particularly larger cities and the population increase in Seoul and Busan has occupied 50-60 percent of entire cities'. Accordingly the construction of smaller cities was characteristic. Thirdly, the urban population was one-third of entire population in 1960, however, it was two-thirds in 1980 and the increase of urban population during 1960-1980 was annually 6.5 percent level in average. The urban population has been concentrated by younger aged group (with the aged 15-24) and it was resulted in lowering dependency ratio. Contrarily children and older aged group people were remained in rural area and it was resulted in ascending dependency ratio in rural population. Fourthly, such urbanization was rapidly proceeded in 1970s than 1960s and concentration phenomenon in larger cities has been slightly slowed in the change of Gini Concentration Ratio.

부인(婦人)의 취업(就業)과 출산력(出産力)과의 관련성(關聯性) 연구(硏究)

조애저 ( Ae-jeo Cho ),공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1988 保健社會硏究 Vol.8 No.1

The Korean Family Life Cycle Survey data on women`s employment are used to explore variations in women`s employment pattern and the relationship between women`s employment and fertility. In general, employment rates increased with women`s age. Women in rural areas are more likely to work than those in urban areas, showing areal disparity. These patterns are clearly linked to different work-opportunity structures. As a rule, the most educated and the least educated were more likely to work whereas respondents in the middle educational categories were least likely. It has already been recognized that the employment period during the life course may be related to fertility in various ways. One is delay of marriage among women who had worked before they many. The relatively better financial situation of unmarried working women contributes .to the desire to extend single life compared with non-working women. In addition, particular types of works may provide exposure to ideas and norms that discourage early marriage. It may also be true that single working women who contribute to household income have some influence on women`s decisions 10 postpone marriage. The results show that women who had worked at all before marriage married somewhat later than women who had never worked before marriage. For example, women who had got a pro- fessional and clerical occupations, married about three years later than women who had not worked before marriage. Among women who had been employed before marriage, age at marriage differed according to the different occupations. For example, women with working experience in professional and clerical occupation, before marriage had the highest mean age of marriage. An analysis of the relationship between women`s employment and fertility resulted that women in professional and clerical works bore somewhat fewer children on average than women with no recorded economic activity. In domestic household employee and agricultural work, however, no such relationship is observed. The relationship between occupation and fertility is strongly linked 10 the level of socio-economic development. While a strong and consistent negative relationship was observed between professional occu-pations and fertility in the more urbanized areas, that was not the case among the poorer rural areas. In contrast, women with agricultural jobs generally showed remarkably similar fertility pat-terns to women with no recorded economic activity. The measured work-fertility relationship may be partially explained through the influence of fertility experience on subsequent work patterns.

출산력(出産力) 저하(低下)에 따른 여성(女性)의 가족생활주기(家族生活週期) 고찰(考察)

공세권 ( Sae Kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ) 한국보건사회연구원 1985 保健社會硏究 Vol.5 No.1

Naturally, human beings have continuously made a great effort to increase the quality of their lives. This is called as "development". For the last some twenty years, Korea has experienced a tremendous socio-economic development and same development is expected to continue in the future. Needless to say. this development has brought many social changes to which we have to keep trying to adjust. Social changes resulted from the development are not certainly limited to one or two areas of our daily lives, They have affected all most 01 our life styles. This paper attempts to search the relationship between fertility change and the family life cycle in Korea using actual data available. The fertility reduction in the past two decades is largely attributed 10 birth control. rising age at marriage, and expansion of eduction opportunity that came into being in the wake of the rapid socio-ceonomic development The fertility decline among the younger women (twenties years old) is associated primarily with rising age at marriage. The mean age at marriage is increased from twenty-two in 1960 to twenty-four in 1983. And also, the fertility decline for old women (thirty years and over) is associated with the contraceptives adoption, especially sterilization. As a result, the peak age at fertility is decreased from about thirty· two years old in 1960 to twenty-seven years old in 1983, while length of each phases of the family life cycle has shown consistent changes. The interval from marriage to the birth of last child is shortened about one third from ten years over in 1960 to three years in 1983. Despite these recent changes of women`s role, Korea has still a long way to go before she could realize a fuller participation of women in all aspects of her development programs because legal, social institutional barriers are still remaining virtually infact. However, women are now encourged to participate in various social activities such as working for factories, companies or government offices with diversification of socio-economic and family structure, One of the important changes of women`s concepts about their role is that they could achieve self-realization and make income for family through participation in economic activities. As a matter of fact, women`s labor particiption rate in Korea has steadily increased especially in premarital and after child beaning ages. Educational level is a factor influencing very much the labor participation rate. And the labor particiption seems to affect the fertility of women a great deal. Rate of economically active women has increased very fast in the age group of thirties since 1970. More women are engaged in professional, clerical, sales and service works these days tend to remain longer years in their jobs with much satisfaction. Population control policy-wise, it is significant to note that the expansion of employment opportunities for women will inevitably bring about the reduction in fertility. As the social modernization continues women`s role in Korea will be changed greatly to this development and at the same time their role changes will inevitably lead to the fertility decline.

인구전환(人口轉換) 3기(期)에서의 가족계획사업(家族計劃事業)

공세권 ( Sea Kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ) 한국보건사회연구원 1989 保健社會硏究 Vol.9 No.2

As we observe population changes based on the recent data, Korean population is believed to go into the third stage of population transition typed of low fertility and low mortality. Birth rate at recent days is 18.8. death rate 6.2, population growth rate 1.3 percent and fertility rate below the replacement level has been achieved by the 1980s. This noticea-ble descending to the strong fertility control policy introduced by the Government in 1961. After descending to the level of replacement at recent days. the Korean fertility rate connot continue to move downwards for a few years of the near future. Those results above will involve the relaxation of the existing fertility control policy. However this trend comes to a stationary population growth in the oversaturized popu-lation with 50 million persons in 2020s. while birth rate will be 12.0, death rate 8.2 and population growth rate 0.3 in 2015 to 2020 era. The phenmena of population in the third transitional stage are summarized to be over- density, aging and urban concentration of population. Population density, goes over 540 persons per kilometer and average life expectancy is over 75 years for both sexes, and median age of the total population is reaching to 40 years and urbanization rate will increase to 88 percent. Particularly rapid decline of fertility affects so much on population structure as to show contradictory changes in population composition. Young population bellow 15 years old will compose under 15 percent of total population, decreased from 30 percent in the recent days, and the aged population 65 and over years will increase to over the three times of 4 percent in the recent days. While total dependency ratio remains 40 percent inspite of the change of age composition, young dependency ratio and aged dependency ratio will compose 26 and 20 respectively in the near future. thus asking for a welfare orientation for the aged population. As population change is indispensable with industrialization, drastic industrialization and fertility decline shortened the second period of population transition at least a half century, During the period of drastic population transition, population is also influenced in a variety of ways such as the socio-economic aspects and demographic aspets. Changes of population structure request social welfare needs to meet the problems of education, employment, housing, family and the aged etc. Population policy focused mainly on fertility control till the present need re-establish- ment of policies emphasizing on populatlon quality aspects. Fertility control policicy which has key effects on population reduction has dedicated to the appeasement of population pressure on society from a broad view point. The positive effects the fertility control have on women and family should be stregthened while the secondary effects should be dealt for the improvement of population control policy. The secondary effects which fertility control have could be found in changes of function and role in family, family structu re and family life cycle. The effects as well as conflict and contradiction in family accelerate the family segrega-tion, furthermore make the family problems such as the support for the aged transfer to the society. There for family planning program should not be focused to mainly the fertility control but cover broadly the general welfare for the sound family life and further-more for the improvement of population quality.

한국(韓國) 인구전환(人口轉換)의 구조적(構造的) 특성(特性)

공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae-jeo Cho ),김은주 ( Eun-joo Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1988 保健社會硏究 Vol.8 No.2

Overall of population data shows that Korean population has experienced the drastic transition in this century. Korean population was very stagnant under the Japanese colony, but began to be active in expansion due to the gradual decrease of mortality rate from 1910 to 1945. After the liberalization from Japanese colony in 1945, the political turmoil at that time divided the population to be a half between the southern and northern part of Korea. However, returnees from abroad added up the population. During the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, Korean population was disturbed by the high death tolls among the warfare and internal exchange of population between South and North Korea. Korean population showed the rapid population increase owing to the high birth rate, and to the decrease of death rate with inception of developed health and medical techniques. So-called baby boon Period continued from 1955 to 1965, thus revealing the annual inc-reasing rate 3 percent. Fertility control policy designed to meet the baby boom in the pre and post 1960`s. focused on the decline of fertility rate considering the decreased mortality rate. The main body of fertility control policy was named to be family planning programme, this aimed at the change of children numbers and the prevention of unwanted pregnancy through the contraceptive use. Family planning programme, systematically practiced over the country, made an impact on the high contraception rate and decrease of fertility rate. Total fertility rate per married woman was 6.0 in 1960, but decrease to 4.3 in 1970, to 2.8 in 1980, to the substitution level 2.1 in 1985. The accelarated fertility decrease lowered to 1.7 in 1988. With this trend, Government is expecting the population increasing rate 0.85 percent in 2000 (with the total population 47 millions), and predicting the stationary population total in 2020 (with the total population 52 millions). Government expectation will be available only with the prerequisite of the continous total fertility rate 1.7 through the family planning programme. That is, Korean population transition win be pre-modernized just after the quartile of century, and will go into the full modernination period again after the quartile of century. Drastic population transition changes the quantity control policy of population to the broad policy orientation such as changes of structure and adequate distribution of population. As population transition brought about not the population growth itself but the socio-eco- nomic impact, population control policy has to recognize the relationship between the two. Particularly urban population showed the rapid increase compared with the total population increase due to the socio-political change and ndustrialization. Urban population comprised one-fifth of the total population in 1960, two-thirds of the present population, and will comprise four-fifths in 2000`s, requesting the deep recognition of urban problems and rural problems relatively. Urbanization explains the population concentration on the great cities and particularly on the metropolitan area, and needs the dynamic urban development planning considering the urban function and living system. The specific features of population transition in the modernization process are mainly the problems of education, employment, marriage, housing and family, and ultimately the social phthology such as aging problem. Thus population policy should consider the socio-economic structure, health and medical system and social value system. Recommendations 1 First step to meet the problems from population transition is how to develop the present family planning programme in effective way. As stagnant population is available through the continous family planning programme accomplishment, fertility control policy is necessary for the continuation of the stationary population. While family planning programme has emphasized on the contraceptive distribution just aiming at the population quantity control. it revealed the side effects of contraception and the popular induced abortions. Andmore small children norm brought about child bearing and educational problems in addition to generation conflict within family and family dissolution. In this aspect the very concept of ``family planning`` should be transferred to the family life planning passing over the just specific child bearing control. Family life planning should make all the preparations and plannings for the family formative period with marriage, the family growing period with education of children and couple life, and the family reductive period with the single aged family. Therefore the simple purpose of family planning is transferring to the family health and family welfare from the contraceptive distribution service. Family planning programme should systematize the contraceptive distribution service in the quality control aspect so as to accomplish the aimed purpose above, and retrain the grass root level workers. Additionally a device should be drawn up to derive the induced abortions into the effective contraception and to contribute sex education to the adolescents and premarital target women as a social problem solving method. 2. Secondly family health programme should be developed according to the chronical di- sease contral and the health improvement based on the family unit. Thus family health prog- ramme can include the improvement of diet, management of nutrition, home environment and sanitation, geriatric diseases and the aged health, and multiple purposed and systematic health services. 3. Thirdly planning and service related to family welfare are much more necessary than ever, with the prevailing family nuclearization and children education of the employed parents. Family welfare planning can include service development broadly covering the children bearing and education, role share between couples, support for the aged. 4. Lastly, overall population control policy and coordination organization should be estab-lished on a country level, as the drastic population transition requests the combined approach to population policy and the national development policy. So as to dilute the urban population concentration, not the mioptic regional development but the integral development policy should be prepared focusing on the country utilization and improvement of living condition. Here urgent is integral research for the development policy. The aging trend is inevitable in the modernization process and showing the relationship between population change and socio-economic and welfare needs. The spill over effect from baby boom period in 1960`s is now requesting the solution of employment and housing prob-lems, manpower development and utilization. Herewith is necessary the diversified strategy for the aged society in 2000`s. And-soft policy should be prepared for the family life and career women considering the increasing empl-oyment of women.

한국남성(韓國男性)의 심혈관질환(心血管疾患)으로 인한 사망관련요인연구(死亡關聯要因硏究) 고혈압성질환(高血壓性疾患)을 중심(中心)으로

맹광호 ( Kwang-ho Meng ),조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ),공세권 ( Sae Kwon Kong ) 한국보건사회연구원 1987 保健社會硏究 Vol.7 No.1

By means of case-control study, various hypothesized risk factors for cardiovascular diseases were evaluated in the Korean men. Cases are 455 men who died at age 35-65 between October 1982 and September 1983 with an underlying cause of death, as reported on the death certificate, of hypertensive disease (N=95. ICD 401-405) or non-traumatic cerebrovascular diseae (N=360. ICD 430-438). Each case was matched on age and wife`s parity to a living male from the same neighborhood. Wives of cases and controls were interviewed at home as surrogates. Major findings obtained from this study are as follows: 1) In comparison of personal characteristics between cases and controls, education, occupation and religion appeared to be significantly different: cases were more likely to have received higher education, to be Christian, and to have had administrative or managerial jobs. 2) In univariate analysis of the associaton of hypothesized risk factors and cardiovascular deaths, frequent alcohol drinking, meat diet, obesity, histories of hypertension, diabetes and heart disase, and the history of one or both parents CVD death were found to be significant risk factors. 3) Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors including personal characteristics variables that were significantly different between cases and controls revealed that higher education, frequent alcohol drinking, lack of physical exercise, obesity and history of hypertension were significantly related to the cardiovascular deaths. History of hypertension was strongest risk factor and the adjusted odds ratios was 7.69 (95% C.I.=5.21-12.15). For hypertensive disease deaths, only histories of hypertension and heart disease were found to be significant, and for cerebrovascular deaths, lack of physical exercise, obesity and history of hypertension were significant risk factors. 4) Cardiovascular death risk for Korean men was not associated with cigarette smoking, diet, coffee drinking and history of parents CVD deaths. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of control measures of hypertension and the related factors such as obesity, lack of physical exercise, alcohol drinking and so on to decrease current high cardiovascular mortality, especially cerebrovascular disease deaths among Korean men.

한국(韓國)에서의 정관수술(精管手術)과 심혈관질환(心血管疾患)으로 인한 사망(死亡)과의 관련성(關聯性) 연구(硏究)

공세권 ( Sae Kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae Jeo Cho ),맹광호 ( Kwang Ho Meng ),박찬무 ( Chan Moo Park ),( L-cheng Chi ),( Lynne R. Wilkens ),( James E. Higgins ),( Albert J. Siemens ),( Malcolm Potts ) 한국보건사회연구원 1986 保健社會硏究 Vol.6 No.2

This community-based case-control study was carried out in four cities in South Korea to examine whether vasectomy is associated with a long-term increased risk of cardiovascular death in Korean men. Korea was chosen for study because of its long established vasectomy program (>20 years), the relatively high vasectomy prevalence (12% among adult males) and its location in the Orient. Cases are 413 men who died at age 35~65 between October 1982 and September 1983, with an underlying cause of death, as reported in the death certificate, of ischemic heart disease ( N=29, ICD 410~414), non-traumatic cerebrovascular disease (N=295, ICD 430~438)or hypertensive disease (N=89, ICD 401~405). Each case was matched on age and parity to a living male from the same neighborhood. Wives of cases and controls were interviewed at home as surrogates. Univariate analysis of the association of vasectomy and cardiovascular death revealed an odds ratio of 1.4 (95% CLs=0.8~2.4). Multivariate logistic regression analysis, controlling for potentially confounding variables, revealed a lower adjusted odds ratio of 1.0 (95% CLs=0.4~2.4). Thus we did not detect an association between vasectomy and cardiovascular death in Korean men, nor did we detect a statistically significant increased risk for those subjects who had a vasectomy 15 years or longer (odds ratio= 1.3, 95% CLs=0.4~4.4). The results coincide with those from Western epidemiologic studies and do not support the vasectomy-atherosclerosis hypothesis originating from animal research.

가족개발(家族開發) ; 그 새로운 접근(接近) -가족계획사업(家族計劃事業)을 중심(中心)으로-

공세권 ( Sae-kwon Kong ),조애저 ( Ae-jeo Cho ),김응석 ( Eung-suk Kim ) 한국보건사회연구원 1990 保健社會硏究 Vol.10 No.2

이 論文은 出産力低下에 따라 家族計劃事業이 家族開發의 方向으로 轉換되어야 함을 論議하고 있다. 지난 30년간 出産調節에만 중점을 두었던 家族計劃事業은 出産力이 代置水準 이하로 低下되면서 人口의 量的 調節이 人口의 質的 管理의 方向으로 轉換되어야 함을 뜻한다. 따라서 人口資質을 삶의 質로 여길 때 人間生活은 家族을 準據로 삼는다는 점에서 家族計劃은 家庭福祉의 방향에서 이루어져야 하며, 이를 위한 家族開發은 세가지 측면에서 家族計劃을 통한 出産, 養育 등 再生産過程의 計劃과 家族의 健康生活을 위한 家族保健, 家族의 安定된 生活을 위한 問題의 豫防과 治療를 위한 家庭福祉的 接近이 그것이다. The national family planning program has contributed greatly to a reduction in the fertility and population growth rates. As the fertility rate in Korea has fallen below the replacement level, new directions for the family planning program have begun to be discussed. That is, the past quantity-oriented management system should be redirected toward a quality -oriented system. This quality-oriented system should emphasize family health including maternal and infant health, and family welfare. As the family planning program should be understood not merely as a fertility reduction program but also as a comprehensive family development program, we have examined the future directions of our family planning program in Korea in the following three ways. First, the family planning program should continue to provide information and affordable contraceptive supplies for new clients in consideration of improving family health and welfare. The improvement of service programs for raising and educating children is required for the quality control of the population. Additionally, aiming at improving family health, efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of induced abortion. Second, the family development program should concern itself with the overall health status of family members including infants and mothers. The disease patterns in Korea have changed from infectious diseases to chronic diseases. As chronic diseases can be prevented with good every day health practice such as sound dietary habits and regular exercise, developing a comprehensive home health care delivery system through the reeducation of housewives is recommended. Housewives would be supported by Community Health Practitioners. Third, family welfare programs Practitioners improve the quality of family life should be added to the traditional family planning program. Problems in family life have mostly been caused by changing values and complicated roles in the modern family system. These problems can be prevented and treated through well-developed education programs and services including therapy. Education through community institutions such as mothers` clubs, senior citizens` schools, and neighborhood or village meetings is recommended to prevent family problems. Once problems occur, therapy such as professional counselling are suggested. Also family welfare programs are needed to provide adequate family education for the role development of women and the elderly. In conclusion, the family planning program should enhance its quality aspect as well as its traditional quantity aspect. This new concept of family planning is the family development program. The family development program, including not only fertility control but also the improvement of family health and family welfare, can be achieved by the active participation of housewives and CHPs with professional help.