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임상래(Sang-Rae Lim) 한국라틴아메리카학회 2006 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.19 No.4
This paper focuses on the status of the current situations of the human rights of Peruvian migrants in Chile. At the present time many changes have occurred in international migration within South America, amongst which the case of Chile stands out. During the nineties, that country experienced a transformation in the composition of immigrants stocks. The massive entrance of the Latin American immigrants and the diminution of European raise the possibility that Chile could become an immigration country. Peruvians are significantly a massive group of immigrants to Chile. Referring to the Peruvian immigration in Chile, it is worth to mention the phenomenon of feminization. The majority of Peruvian women are occupied in the domestic service as ‘asesora del hogar’(a housemaid). Also, the anti-immigration or xenophobia in the Chilean society begins to be noticed in accompany with the increase of the foreigners. The border war of 1879 was very significant in setting the standards of the relationship of Chile-Peru. The warfare ended but the boundary dispute is not solved completely yet. So the anti-Chilean sentiment appears and likewise, the Chileans feel an antipathy against the Peruvian people. The Peruvian migrants are monitored and discriminated very often in the Chilean society. They are a ‘second class citizen'. But they know both well Peru and Chile so they would be considered as a ‘new citizen'. The Peruvians are making firm their migrant community and are communicating continuously with Peru. Therefore, they are living in a binational way. Consequently the life of Peruvian immigrants in Chile has multi-level and complex characteristics.
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임상래(Lim, Sang-Rae) 한국라틴아메리카학회 2015 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.28 No.1
Although Freemasonry is a subject that is seldom explored in Korea, in Mexico it is considered an institution that played a very important role during the movement for Mexican Independence and subsequent formation of the new state. In particular, after achieving independent statehood, the conflicts between two Freemasons, the so called “los liberales” (York rite) and “los conservadores” (Scottish rite) lasted many more years, and led to serious consequences for Mexican policy. This study will reveal and clarify the role of Freemasonry in the independence process of Mexico. This paper investigates thoroughly the participation of Masons in the War of Independence and the subsequent construction of the first Federal Republic of Mexico, allowing a more concrete view of Mexico’s Freemasonry and Mexican Independence.
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임상래(Lim, Sang-Rae) 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2016 중남미연구 Vol.35 No.4
코스타리카는 식민행정의 중심인 누에바 에스퍄냐와 과테말라로부터 멀리 떨어진 외지고 빈곤한 지역이었기 때문에 식민시대 별 관심을 받지 못했다. 또 코스타리카 원주민은 수는 적었지만 식민 통치에 강력하게 저항했기 때문에 정복사업도 어려움이 많았다. 따라서 코스타리카에 대한 정복과 식민통치는 다른 식민지보다 늦게 시작되었다. 늦게 시작된 코스타리카에 대한 식민 사업은 지리, 인구, 경제적 조건으로 인해 중앙고원을 중심으로 진행되었고 독립 이후에도 중앙고원은 사회·경제적으로 코스타리카의 발전을 주도하였다. 이와 함께 코스타리카는 노예 노동력도 부족했고 원주민도 많지 않아 대농장이 성립되기에 불리한 조건이었다. 대농장이 적었고 토지의 소유가 비교적 수월했기 때문에 식민시대부터 코스타리카에는 자유로운 소토지 자작농이 존재했다. 따라서 코스타리카는 가난하지만 비교적 자유롭고 평등한 농촌 사회를 형성할 수 있었다. 또 코스타리카는 매력적인 식민지가 아니었기에 이 지역의 식민 행정에는 본국 관리보다 식민지 출신 엘리트들이 많이 참여하였다. 이처럼 코스타리카의 지리, 인구, 자원과 같은 환경적 조건은 스페인의 식민통치에 일정한 영향을 주었고 이는 중앙고원의 성장, 사회적 평등, 특유의 엘리트 정치문화와 같은 코스타리카 사회의 특성이 되었다. 따라서 코스타리카의 식민지적 조건은 이른바 ‘코스타리카식 발전’의 중요한 사적 배경이 되었다고 할 수 있다. The colonization of Costa Rica was carried out mainly in the central plateau(valle central) due to the populational, economic and geographical conditions and since then the central plateau led the socio-economic development of Costa Rica. Colonial Costa Rica had fewer indian and slave labor so this made it difficult to establish the hacienda and as a result, the small & medium-scale independent farmers could exist. These circumstances could form a relatively free and egalitarian rural society(although poor) in colonial Costa Rica. Also Costa Rica born elites were more influential than Spanish officials in the colonial administration. That is to say environmental conditions of Costa Rica, such as geography, population and resources affected constantly on the colonization of Costa Rica and consequently vallecentrism, rural egalitarianism and local elitism have been established. As such we can confirm the colonial conditions of Costa Rica become a factor of Costa Rican success and development so-called“Evolución a la tica.
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임상래(Lim Sang-Rae) 한국라틴아메리카학회 2011 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.24 No.3
The Mexican?American War (1846-1848) was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico that occurred in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. American President James K. Polk sought territorial expansion to the Pacific coast, so the American forces invaded and quickly conquered New Mexico, California, and other parts of northern Mexico. In September of 1847 the American army captured Mexico City and forced Mexico to sign the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty. The major condition of the treaty was the forced Mexican Cession of the territories of Alta California (currently California) and New Mexico to the U.S. in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of an immense territory. However, upon reexamination the Mexican?American War has more diverse and important meanings. We can say the war was closely connected in the U.S. with the slavery controversy and motivations for the war had racist overtones. In addition the war carried a significant meaning when it is viewed in the context of America’s war history, which has made it the origin of the anti-Americanism in and of Latin America. Finally, the Mexican?American War exposed plainly that the ‘real’ independence of Mexico was still far from being complete. The economy and political system was not yet quite built and social integration between the classes and regions was not accomplished. Thus, given these factors the defeat of Mexico in the war could have been expected to some extent.
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