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朴來榮 弘益大學校 1975 弘大論叢 Vol.7 No.-
1. INTRODUCTION Along with the drive of economic development plans after 1962, government has established various types of industrial estates for the purpose of pursuing the concentration benefits and of preventing the super-urbanization. As a result, a great deal of industrial worker has been mobilized between regions and/or among industrial sectors as well as among factories in same industrial estate. Businessmen shout the shortage of skilled laborers and government officers feel ihe necessity of stablizing the labor makets of the industrial estates. This study, therefore, intended to measure the labor mobility of these areas for inducing some policy directions on the labor market of the industrial estates. Four sample areas of KuroDong 1st estate, Masan export estate, Kwangju local estate and Cheungju local estate were selected as the objectives of this survey. 1,613 workers from 23 factories which included in the sectors of fiber and sewing, electronics, optical wares, machines and groceries responsed to the questionaire which was designed with emphasis on catching the source of labor supply as well as the volumes, motives, intermediates and patterns of the labor mobilities. 2. RESEARCH RESULTS 1) General Characteristics of the Respondents The young female is the main part of the workers in these areas. 60.0 per cent of the total respondents is female worker and the remaining 40.0 per cent is male. Female workers are more than male in the sectors of fiber and sewing, electronics and groceries, but male workers are more than female in the optical and machinery industries. It is collative that 60.6 per cent of male workers is included in the age groups of 25 years old and over, while 95.8 per cent of the female worders is in the group of 15-24 years old. It can be found, by the educatonal status, 51.1 per cent is middle school graduate including the person who leave school in mid-course, 35.3 per cent is high school graduate and 12.3 per cent is primary school graduate. 2) Labor Mobilities Most of the workers were immigrated from rural areas. 17.5 per cent of total respondents were born at urban areas and 82.5 per cent born at rural areas. Otherwise, only 24.1 per cent of the workers were supplied from the same range of living at which the estates are located and the others came from the different ranges; 34.7 per cent from same province, 19.6 per cent from close provinces and 21.6 per cent from remout provinces. These mean that the main source of the workers of the industrial estates is the over-population of the rural areas and that there is not a clear relationship between the distance and the volume of migration. 55.8 per cent of the respondents has no experiences and another 44.2 per cent has the experiences of work before coming here. Most of the male workers have job experiences, generally speaking, while most of the female workers have not experiences. Among the workers who have job experiences, 75.6 per cent come from other areas and only 24.4 per cent has changed the job in same industrial estate. The highest mobilities in same estate can be found among female workers of Kuro-Dong 1st estate near Seoul and among male workers of the two local estates. Therefore, the proportion of the workers who have changed their jobs in same estate can be estimated as 10.8 per cent of total respondents in average. The main motives of the labor mobility are the prospect and the wage level of the factories at which the workers were or will be employed. 50.3 per cent of the workers who have changed the jobs were immigrated due to the bad prospects of the previous factories and 18.5 per cent due to the low level of wage. It is not neglegible, however, that the dislike of provious works is also an important motive of lavor mobility because 14.3 per cent of the workers who have changed their jobs migrated on account of this motive. The channels of taking jobs in these estates seem not to be modernized. 71.6 per cent of the respondents could take their jobs through the companions or relatives who have already been employed at the factories, and 16.1 per cent was employed by looking the information boards in the estates. Only 4.7 per cent could employed by the information of modernized mass media, such as nespaper and radio, and only 2.2 per cent through the public employment exchange organizations. 3. POLICY IMPLICATIONS It can be said that the policy for expanding the industrial estates have succeeded because the industial estates already estabilished have greatly contributed to absorb the laborers from rural over population or urban underemployed and to prevent the urbanization of metropolitan areas. However, there are some problems of inducing the workers and of stablizing the labor mobility in the same industrial estate. As the factories used to collect the workers through the information boards in the estate areas or through the employed in the factories in spite of the fact that the workers moving to these areas were coming not only from the same ranges of living with the estates but also from all over the nation, there was a sustained shortage of workers and a high mobility in same estate. Factories as well as the cooperative organization of factories have to develop more efficient methods for inducing the workers. In regard to the in-estate mobility, a specific regulation or system for preventing the movement will not be needed, for the mobility in same estates would be stablized when the perspects of the industries could be stablized and the wage differences to the same level of skill laborers in the same sector of the industries could be equalized.
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