남송중기 황간(黃榦)이 한양군(漢陽軍)에서 실시한 진휼(賑恤) -그의 황정(荒政) 기록을 통해서 본 이곳 거주민의 모습-

김영제 ( Kim¸ Youngjae ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.131

This article examines the relief works performed by Huang Gan who was a great Daoxue(道學) scholar as well as the local governor of the Hanyang prefecture in the mid-Southern Song period. Through this research, some significant discoveries about the local situations of the backward regions like the Hanyang prefecture and the local relief system during the Southern Song could have been made. Above all, the Hanyang prefecture had different relief system from the other regions then. While the Hanyang prefecture did not have any disaster relief agency like Yicang(義倉), the state-operating granaries like the Changpingcang(常平倉), which had usually played the role of the adjustment of grain prices in the regions, took over the role of the Yichang. When Huang took the post of prefect, a severe drought struck the region. Since it quickly revealed that the drought was beyond the limitations of Changpingcang, Huang established a new relief organization like the Baowu(保伍) system, an organization of mutual assistance by the local people. By allowing the local rich to provide the poor with the relief rice, the Southern Song government rewarded government posts to the rich as compensation instead. Through the Baowu system, in addition, Huang was able to grasp the exact circumstances of the damage with considerable efficiency. Not only as the local prefect but as a Daoxue scholar, on the other hand, Huang eventually succeeded in drought relief through establishing a local autonomous relief system like the Shecang(社倉) by Zhu Xi(朱熹)’s. Above of all, however, the most significant contribution of this research is that it kindly helped us to understand how the local government and local community could have coped with the severe disaster together during the Southern Song period.

宋代 兩稅의 運送

金榮濟(Kim youngjae) 동양사학회 2007 東洋史學硏究 Vol.101 No.-

In this paper I have dealt with transportation and shipping costs of land tax(liangsui:雨?) in Song Dynasty. Transport regulation of shanggonggrain(上供米) in Song Dynasty was established with the distance of transportation, required time of transportation and opening period of Bianhe(?河). And there was no difference between Northern Song and Southern Song when I compared with shipping costs by regulations of the government. When I supposed the law of direct delivery(直達法) in the Northern Song Dynasty, shipping costs of shanggong grain in the southeast area compared with rice price was that it was about 80% of shanggong grain sent from Liangzhe(雨浙) province Hangzhou(杭州), and about 160% sent from Jiangdong(江東) province Xinzhou(信州). Of course if the transportation distance shorten like Huinan(淮南) province, it's costs were lower than this. However in case of indirect delivery(轉般), it is necessary to load and unload, it's costs were added that much. On the other hand, transportation of Southern Song Dynasty was directly delivered basically. and the transportation distance was shortened compared with Northern Song Dynasty. More over in Southern Song Dynasty, shanggong grain was transported by merchant ships. As a result of this, labour cost and expenses of shipbuilding was more reduced. From Tang to Qing Dynasty the capital city was located in north area, because of this the transportation of shanggong grain was needed much expenses. Although enormous expenses were needed like this, the background of execution was shortage of surplus grain in capital area. Therefore shanggong grain was transported for the stability of grain price in the capital city, as a result of this, the grain price of the capital city could be kept up the same level with the grain price of southeast area. Consequently these transportation expenses were estimated as a means for the stability of grain price of the capital city Canals of Tang Dynasty were linked with banks. From Renjong(仁宗) dynasty of Northern Song floodgates were constructed from Yangzhou(揚州) passed by Huinan(淮南) canal to Sizhou(泗州) the entrance of Bianhe(?河). Because of these floodgates annoying works passing banks were quite abridged. Therefore in Song Dynasty, transportation expenses were lessened compared with Tang Dynasty. This is related with infrastructure of the government namely construction of floodgates. Hereby compared with transportation expenses of shanggong grain between Tang and Song comprehensively, we can verify the transportation revolution.

『高麗史』에 나타나는 宋都綱 卓榮과 徐德榮

金榮濟(Kim, youngjae) 동양사학회 2014 東洋史學硏究 Vol.126 No.-

At first, Koryo dispatched diplomatic delegates to Song China by hiring Song marine trader’s ships. However in 1090, Zhe-zong(哲宗) of Northern Song Dynasty, Government of the old policies party(舊法黨) prevented diplomatic delegates from using the Song’s marine ships to limit the frequent tribute from foreign countries. Because of this, Koryo needed professional sailor and ships. In those times, there were a number of Song-Dugang(宋都綱) which visited Korean’s shore. The meaning Song-Dugang was, so to speak transportation businessmen. Therefore Koryo induced naturalization to Koryo giving them the government service. Ships which Koryo used for the dispatch of diplomatic delegates were the very naturalized Song-Dugang’s ships. Though they were recorded as Song people in Koryosa(高麗史), actually they were living in Korea. Because of this reason, in spite of Song"s regulations, Koryo could dispatch the delegates to Song China. Consequently, identities of Song-Dugang(宋都綱) Tak-young(卓榮) and Su-deukyoung(徐德榮) were Korean

지난 半世紀 韓國 宋史 硏究의 발자취

金榮濟(Kim, Youngjae) 동양사학회 2015 東洋史學硏究 Vol.133 No.-

Since 1960s the research of Song Dynasty historical studies has started. Especially after 1980s the research has performed on a full scale. This article analyzes the trend of Song Dynasty historical studies from 1995 to 2014. In this article I divided politics, diplomacy, society, economy, and thoughts respectively and prospected subjects that lacked in existing studies and have to deal with in the future.

北宋 神宗朝의 對外交易 政策과 高麗

金榮濟(Kim Youngjae) 동양사학회 2011 東洋史學硏究 Vol.115 No.-

In the early the government of Sung Dynasty had permitted their subject countries for voyage which are limited to Southeast Asia(南蕃). However due to limitation of political power which central government had and insecurity of marine trade system, actually illegal voyage of sea traders was committed overtly. In the Shenjong dynasty new polish party government(新法黨) wanted to reform these conditions. First of all new polish party government consolidated the marine trade system. Together with this, it took the policy which was approved as real circumstances where their sea traders voyaged other countries which were not Southeast Asia. As a part of policy, the government permitted the voyage of Song marine trader with Koryo and Japan in the next year, Further Arab area(大食). It is interpreted that bureaucracies of new polish party government judged that it would be more profitable to open than to stick to closed policy estranged from reality. By the way, In Zhejong(哲宗) dynasty, Su-shi(蘇軾) criticized Koryo and insisted to go back to old marine trade system. The reason he criticized Koryo was that Koryo was the very first country Song government opened for foreign trade. Therefore by criticizing Koryo, Su-shi(蘇軾) wanted to modify the open-door policy of foreign policy. Because of this, in the time of grasping political power of old policy party(舊法黨) old marine trade system of the early Song dynasty was returned again. However as new policy party came into power again, the open-door policy was propelled, once again. Like this, There was conflict between new policy party and old policy party about marine trade problem. From the middle of Tang Dynasty, as Islamic merchants advanced into the East, Marine Trade between the East and the West began on full scale. If it is important for Islamic merchant to advance into the East, so is the Eastern merchant’s advance. However it was since Shenjong era of Nothern Sung Dynasty that Chinese merchant, one of the Eastern merchants advanced into the foreign market. By the time Shenjong of Northern Sung Dynasty, The Emperor allowed their own merchants to make a passage into Koryo and all over the world. Consequently Shenjong era of Nothern Sung Dynasty should be reevaluated in terms of World Trade.