점봉산 신갈나무 ( Quercus mongolica Fischer ) 림의 경신 과정에 관한 연구

김성덕(Seong Deog Kim),김윤동(Yoon Dong Kim) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.4

Regeneration process of a mongolian oak forest in Bukam-Ryeong area, Mt. Jumbong, Kangwon-Do, was studied in relation to its structure. The dominant trees of the stands came up beyond 10m in height. The upper-tree layer was highly dominated by oaks, and they distributed horizontally in random. Oak trees of the middle layer and the lower layer were few in number and small in basal area, and tended to be distributed contagiously. In the trees of the upper layer, the distribution of the age tended to be two modal type which has the mode of 70 and 230 years in plot. In the horizontal distribution of these trees, some of the even-aged cluster which were constituted of several trees, were found. The rate of the stern diameter increment during first 25 years of the oaks in upper layer were higher than those of the same species in the middle layer. These results showed that after the forest canopy had been broken out, the seedlings which were established in dense there grow with the decreasing density and some of these, of which distribution became in random, would constitute the canopy.

경북 불영계곡 소나무 ( Pinus densiflora ) 임의 (林) 재생 과정에 관한 연구

김성덕(Seong Deog Kim),송호경(Ho Kyung Song) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.2

Regeneration process of edaphic pine(Pinus densiflora) climax forest in Bulyung - gyegog, Uljin - gun, Kyungsangbuk - do, was studied. The height of dominant trees in the stands are 12 15m. Upper layers are highly dominated by pine trees and are randomly distributed. Pine trees in lower layer grow in a patch type. In the upper layer, the age distribution is likely one model type with mode of 60 and 80 years. In the horizontal distribution of these trees, some of the even - aged cluster constituted of several tree were found. For the first 25 Years, the stem diameter increment rates in upper layer are higher than those in the middle layer. It could be concluded that after the forest canopy had been broken out, the seedlings established densely in a patch in the gap with the decreasing density and some of them, distributed in random, would constitute the canopy.

한국 울릉도의 너도밤나무 ( Fagus multinervis Nakai ) 림 및 섬잣나무 ( Pinus parviflora S. et Z. ) 임의 식물사회학적 연구

김성덕(Seong Deog Kim),목촌윤(Makoto Kimura),임양재(Yang Jai Yim) 한국식물학회 1986 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.29 No.1

The montane forests of Ulreung Island, Korea, were investigated by the ZM school method. By comparing the montane forests of this island with those of Korean Peninsula and of Japan, a new order, Fagetalia multinervis, a new alliance, Fagion multinervis, a new association, Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis and Rhododendron brachycarpum-Pinus parviflora community were recognized. The Hepatico-Fagetum multinervis was further subdivided into four subassociations; Subass. of Sasa kurilensis, Subass. of Rumohra standishii, Subass. of Rhododendron brachycarpum and Subass. of typicum. Each community was described in terms of floristic, structural and environmental features.

TWINSPAN 과 DCCA 에 의한 금강소나무 및 춘양목소나무 군집과 (群集) 환경의 상관관계 분석

송호경(Ho Kyung Song),김성덕(Seong Deog Kim),장규관(Kyu Kwan Jang) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.2

Vegetational data from 62 quadrats of Pinus densiflora for. erecta and Chunyang -type of Pines densiflora forests were analyzed by using two multivariate methods : TWo - way INdicator Species ANalysis(TWINSPAN) for classification and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA) for ordination . The dominant tree species of Pinus densiflora for. erecta communities were found in the order of Pines densiflora for. erecta, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis, Lindera obtusiloba, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Rhus trichocapa. The dominant tree species of Chunyang -type of Pinus densiflora communities were Quercue variabilis. Quercue mongolica, Fraxiraus sieboldiana, Styrax obassia, and Quercus serrata. The forest vegetation of Pinus densiflora was classified into Quercars variabilis - Styrax obassia. Quercus variabilis Quercus variabilis - Quercus mongolica, and Quercue mongolica communities according to TWINSPAN. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community was distributed in the good nutrition area of total nitrogen. organic matter, K^+, Ca^(++), Mg^(++), and canon exchange capacity, while Chunyang type of Pinus densiflora community in the good nutrition area of P₂O_5. The relationship between the distribution of dominant communities for forest vegetation and soil condition in Pinus densiflora communities was investigated by analysing the elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica community was distributed in the high elevation and good nutrition area of total nitrogen, organic matter, and ration exchange capacity, while Quercus variabilis community was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen, organic matter, and ration exchange capacity. Quercus variabilis Styrax obassia and Quercus variabilis Quercus mongolica community was distributed en the medium elevation and medium nutrition area.

TWINSPAN 과 DCCA Ordination 에 의한 백두산 삼림군집의 (森林群集) 분석

송호경(Ho Kyung Song),김성덕(Seong Deog Kim) 한국산림과학회 1992 한국산림과학회지 Vol.81 No.4

Vegetational data obtained from 24 quadrats of Mt. Paekdu area were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two-way indicator species analysis(TWIMSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. DCCA technique allowed to extract the ordination axes that could be related to 9 environmental factors. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1,700-1,950m from sea level were Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, and Picea iezoensis in descending order. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1.300-1.500m were Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Betula mandshuhca, and Picea jezoensis in descending order. The available phosphorus content in forest soil ranged from 7 to 1.153ppm. The distribution of the major communities showed a close relationship with elevation gradient. From high to low elevation, the communities of Alnus fruticosa var, mandshurica, Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis, and Qrcercus rnongolica were found in descending order. At the communities where Betnla ennanii was dominant, Behrla ennarzii forest w-as distributed in the high elevation area, Betula ermanii-Larix olgensis forest in the good nutrition of organic matter and K^+, and Abies nephrolepis forest in the good nutrition of Mg^(++) and Ca^(++). The most dominant factor influencing community distribution was elevation.

울진 산화지에서의 연간 토양호흡 특성

정세훈 ( Se Hoon Jung ),김봉석 ( Bong Seok Kim ),임주훈 ( Joo Hoon Lim ),김성덕 ( Seong Deog Kim ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

울진 산불 피해지역에서 2011년 및 2012년 동안 AOCC(Automatic open/Closed chamber)법으로 총 16개의 챔버를 이용하여 토양호흡량을 측정하였다. 그 결과 토양호흡률의 일변화 양상은 온도 변화에 따라 증감을 반복하며, 온도인자에 따른 토양호흡률의 지연관계는 대기온도, 지표온도는 각각 2~3시간, 지표-5cm, 지표-10cm, 지표-15cm에서는 지연관계는 나타나지 않았다. 계절변화양상은 봄철부터 증가하여 여름철에 정점을 이루고, 기온이 하강하는 가을철부터 토양호흡률이 감소하였다. 토양호흡률과 온도인자(대기온도, 토양지표온도, 지표-5cm, 지표-10cm, 지표-15cm)의 상관관계는 각각 80%, 83%, 80%, 78%, 77%(p<0.001)로 지표온도와의 상관성이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 지표-15cm에서 가장 낮은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 토양호흡속도의 온도 민감도를 나타내는 Q10값은 대기온도, 지표온도, 지표-5cm, 지표-10cm 및 지표-15cm 각각 2.24, 2.28, 2.39, 2.4,2.47로 토심이 깊어질수록 Q10값은 점점 높게 분석되었다. 한편, 산불피해지에서의 토양호흡에 의한 연간 탄소 발생량은 2011년 및 2012년 각각 4.25, 4.8t C/ha/yr로 평균 4.5t C/ha/yr로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 산불피해이후 식피의 회복이 진행되고 있음을 보여주는 결과라 할 것이다. This research was conducted to measure the soil respiration using the method of AOCC(Automatic open/Closed Chamber) by 16 chambers, from January, 2011 to December, 2012 at a fire forest in Uljin. As a result, daily change trends of soil respiration rate shows repetition of increment and decrement as the temperature changing. Time lag of soil respiration rate by temperature factor is 2~3 hrs(air temperature) and 1~2 hrs(soil surface temperature) respectively. But this trends have not been observed at .5cm, -10cm, -15cm soil depth. As a seasonal changing trend, soil respiration rate increased from spring time and reached top level at summer time and started decreasing from fall season. Relations between soil respiration rate and temperature(air temperature, soil surface temperature, soil surface at .5cm, -10cm, -15cm was 80%, 83%, 78% 77%( P<0.001) respectively. The highest correlation of soil surface temperature and lowest correlation was soil surface at .15cm. The Q10 value which indicates temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rate have been showed 2.24, 2.28, 2.39, 2.4, 2.47 respectively from air temperature, soil surface temperature, soil surface at .5cm, -10cm, -15cm depth. So that, Q10 value was getting high as soil depth is getting deeper. Meanwhile, generated Carbon amount by soil respiration was 4.25, 4.8t C/ha/yr(average 4.5t C/ha/yr) at forest fire area from 2011 to 2012.

TWINSPAN 과 DCCA 에 의한 신갈나무군집과 (群集) 환경의 상관관계 분석

송호경(Ho Kyung Song),장규관(Kyu Kwan Jang),김성덕(Seong Deog Kim) 한국산림과학회 1995 한국산림과학회지 Vol.84 No.3

Vegetational data from 81 quadrats of Quercus mongolica communities in Mt. Odae and Mt. Jumbong were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two - way- indicator species analysis(TWNSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. The dominant tree species of Quercus mongolica communities were found in the order of Quercus mongolica, Acer pseudosieboldianum. Tilia amurensis. Carpinus cordata. Acer mono, and Fraxinus rhynchophylla. The forest vegetation of Quercus mongolica community was classified into Quercus mongolica. Quercus mongolica - Carpinus cordata. and Quercus mongolica -Abies nephrolepis groups according to the TWNSPAN. The relationships between the distribution of dominant groups for forest vegetation and soil condition in Quercus mongolica communities were investigated by analysing elevation and soil nutrition gradients. Quercus mongolica group was distributed in the low elevation and poor nutrition area of total nitrogen, Quercus mongolica - Carpinus cordata group was distributed in the low elevation and good nutrition area of Mg^(++) and Ca^(++), while Quercus mongolica Abies nephrolepis group was distributed in =he high elevation and poor nutrition area of Mg^(++) and Ca^(++). The two dominant factors influencing community distribution were elevation and total nitrogen.

금강 보 구간 귀화식물 분포 현황

윤조희 ( Jo Hee Yoon ),정세훈 ( Se Hoon Jung ),김성덕 ( Seong Deog Kim ),이수형 ( Soo Hyung Lee ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2014 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2014 No.-

울진 소나무림의 줄기호흡에 관한 연구

정세훈 ( Se Hoon Jung ),이정현 ( Jeong Hyun Lee ),임주훈 ( Joo Hoon Lim ),김성덕 ( Seong Deog Kim ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

경상북도 울진군 서면 왕피리의 소나무림에서 2012년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 2년간 소나무림의 줄기호흡경향을 측정하고 줄기호흡과 대기, 지표, 지표 .5cm, 지표 .10cm, 지표 .15cm, 지표 .20cm, 그리고 줄기호흡량과 온도 및 토양 수분함량과의 상관성을 확인하였다. 측정기간 중 월간 최대 및 최소 CO2 발생량은 2012년 7월 0.89 tC/ha, 2013년 1월 0.05 tC/ha로 나타났다. 측정 기간 동안 CO2발생량은 계절의 온도의 변화를 따라가는 경향을 나타냈으며 발생량과 각 온도인자 간의 상관관계는 대기(79%), 지표(75%), 지표 .5cm(80%), 지표 .10cm(78%), 지표 .15cm(76%), 지표 .20cm(60%)로 나타났으며 토양수분량과는 상관관계가 거의 나타나지 않았다 (0.08%). 또한 줄기호흡의 일변화과정에서 각 온도인자의 측정치에 비해 지연되는 시간을 측정한 결과 줄기호흡은 각 온도인자에 대해 3시간(대기) 혹은 2시간(지표, 지표 .5cm)의 지연시간을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. The stem respiration of pine tree stand and relationship between stem respiration and each environmental factors(temperature of air, soil surface, soil surface at .5cm, -10cm, -15cm, -20cm depth and soil water content)were measured during two years (from 2012, January to 2013, December) at Wangpi-ri, Seo-myeon, Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. In measuring period, max./min. monthly CO2 efflux was 0.89 tC/ha(2012, July) and 0.05 tC/ha(2013, January) respectively. Meanwhile, CO2 efflux tended to follow variation of temperature by seasonal changing, and relationships between CO2 efflux and each temperatures were 79%(air), 75%(soil surface), 80%(soil surface at 5cm depth), 78%(soil surface at 10cm depth), 76%(soil surface at 15cm depth) and 60%(soil surface at 20cm depth), relationship between CO2 efflux and soil water content(0.08%) had little correlation. In daily scale, stem respiration has lagging time about each temperatures. As a result, stem respiration has 3h(temperature of air) or 2h(temperature of soil surface and soil surface at 5cm depth) lagging time.

울진 소나무림에서의 연간 토양호흡 특성

정세훈 ( Se Hoon Jung ),이정현 ( Jeong Hyun Lee ),임주훈 ( Joo Hoon Lim ),김성덕 ( Seong Deog Kim ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

울진 소나무림에서 2011년 1월부터 2013년 12월까지 AOCC법으로 총 16개의 챔버를 이용하여 토양호흡량을 측정하였다. 그 결과 일변화의 경우 온도변화에 따라 토양호흡률이 증감을 반복하며, 계절변화양상은 온도가 낮은 동절기에서 하절기로 갈수록 토양호흡률은 증가하고, 그 후 점차적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 토양호흡에 영향을 미치는 온도와의 상관관계는 일변화의 경우 대기온도, 토양지표온도, 지표-5cm, 지표-10cm, 지표-15cm, 지표-20cm에서 각 각 61%, 62%, 67%, 82%, 83%( p<0.001)로 분석되었다. 또한 계절변화의 경우, 66%, 69%, 73%, 82%, 82%( p<0.001)로 지표 .10cm, -15cm에서의 상관성이 가장 높게 분석되었다. 온도변화에 따른 토양호흡속도를 나타내는 Q10값은 대기온도, 지표온도, 지표-5cm, 지표-10cm, 지표-15cm에서 각 각 2.39, 2.59, 2.9, 3.88, 4.21로 토심이 깊어질수록 Q10값은 높게 분석되었다. 한편, 소나무림에서 토양호흡에 의해 방출된 연간 탄소발생량은 2011년, 2012년 및 2013년 각각 8.42, 9.51, 9.74t C/ha/yr로 분석되었다. The amount of soil respiration was measured using the method of AOCC(Automatic open/Closed Chamber) with 16 chambers, from Jan. 2011 to Dec. 2013 at a pine( p.densiflora) forest in Uljin. As a result, the daily changing trends of soil respiration rate and temperature factors showed repetition of increase and decrease as the temperature changes. Furthermore the seasonal changing trends of soil respiration rate have been increased from spring to summer to reach the top level and decreased from fall to winter seasons. Relationships between the daily soil respiration rate and each temperature of air, soil surface, soil surface at 5, 10, 15depth were respectively 61%, 62%, 67%, 82%, 83%( p<0.001) and the seasonal soil respiration rate was respectively 66%, 69%, 73%, 82%, 82%( p<0.001). Highest correlation was soil surface at 10∼15cm depth temperature, lowest correlation was air temperature. Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rate which means Q10 values, of air temperature, soil surface temperature, soil surface at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm depth were respectively 2.39, 2.59, 2.9, 3.88, 4.21 soil depth. And as the soil is deeper the more high value of Q10 showed. Meanwhile, soil respiration at fire forest in the yr. 2011, 2012 and 2013 was respectively 8.42, 9.51 and 9.74t C/ha/yr.