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한국어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 대조 연구
소열녕 ( Seow Yuening ),구언아 ( Ku Eona ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.97
韓語的“이상”、“이하”、“이내”均為漢字詞, 可寫作“以上”、“以下”、“以内”, 在句中的位置也和漢語的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”一樣, 處於表示數量的成分之後, 因此人們往往認爲兩者的語義及用法完全一致, 實則不然。例如韓國的防疫階段在進入第四級社交距離時, 晚上6點之前的私人聚會最多允許四人參加, 6點之後則最多只能兩人相聚。韓媒稱前者為“4인 이하”, 後者為“3인 이상”, 有關報導被直譯成中文, 分別是“允許四人以下聚會”、“禁止三人以上聚會”。譯者顯然沒有意識到兩種語言的“以上”、“以下”是不同的:韓語的“이상”、“이하”包括前面的數量, 也就是所謂的“包括本數”, 因此允許“4인 이하”聚會表示四人也在允許範圍之内, 禁止“3인 이상”聚會則表示三人亦在被禁之列, 最多只能有兩人聚會;漢語的“以上”習慣上包括本數、“以下”則一般不包括本數, 但有時也會引起誤會, 因此呂叔湘(1999)才會提出要明確表達時可使用“六十分及六十分以上”、“六十分及六十分以下”之類的説法。 為了確切掌握這兩組詞語的含義及用法, 本文面向韓漢兩種語言的母語人士展開了一次問卷調查。共有122名韓語人士及108名漢語人士參與調查, 其結果顯示:一、99.2%的韓語人士認爲“이상”包括本數, 61.1%的漢語人士認爲“以上”包括本數;二、91%的韓語人士認爲“이하”包括本數, 但多達86.1%的漢語人士認爲“以下”不包括本數;三、有53.3%的韓語人士認爲“이내”包含本數, 64.8%的漢語人士認定“以内”包括本數。由此可知, 韓語的“이내”和漢語的“以内”最爲相似, 其次是“이상”與“以上”, 而“이하”與“以下”差異最大。在教漢語人士韓語或指導韓國人學習漢語時, 應强調這三組詞語的區別, 如此方能讓學生準確掌握“이상”、“이하”、“이내”和“以上”、“以下”、“以内”的意義, 避免在日常語言中或從事翻譯工作時出錯。 Both Korean and Chinese language uses the word ‘isang/yĭshang’, ‘iha/yĭxia’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’ to express the meaning of ‘above’, ‘below’ and ‘within’. These set of words share the same Chinese writing, namely ‘以上’, ‘以下’ and ‘以内’ and this makes people tend to think that their meaning and usage are the same in both languages. Therefore, grammar textbooks usually do not explain their meaning and usage in detail. This paper tries to identify the similarities and differences between the Korean ‘isang’, ‘iha’, ‘inae’ and the Chinese ‘yĭshang’, ‘yĭxia’ and ‘yĭnei’ by using the contrastive analysis. A survey was conducted where native speakers of both languages were asked to answer three questions regarding the usage of ‘isang/yĭshang’, ‘iha/yĭxia’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’. 122 Korean speakers and 108 Chinese speakers responded to our questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) 99.2% of Korean speakers considered ‘X isang’ as ‘greater than or equal to X’, 91% of them think that ‘X iha’ means ‘less than or equal to X’, while for ‘X inae’, only 53.3% of the respondents think that ‘X’ should be included in the scope. (2) 61.1% of Chinese speakers perceived ‘X yĭshang’ means ‘greater than or equal to X’, 86.1% considered ‘X yĭxia’ as ‘less than X’, and 64.8% of them think that ‘X’ is included in the scope for ‘X yĭnei’. We can then come to a conclusion that ‘isang/yĭshang’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’ have similar but not totally the same meanings, while ‘iha/yĭxia’ are completely different in the two languages. This must be emphasized when teaching Korean to Chinese speakers and vice versa.
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