언해문(諺解文)을 활용한 『飜譯老乞大』와 『老乞大諺解』의 ‘時’ 구문(構文) 연구(硏究)

소열녕 ( Seow¸ Yuening ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.96

語言學界很早就有人發現近代漢語中的“時”字句能表示假設。這類用法見於元末明初的中國小説, 在朝鮮時代刊行的漢語教材裡亦頻繁出現。本文以≪翻譯老乞大≫和≪老乞大諺解≫爲研究對象, 利用其諺解文 (韓文譯文) 來分析“時”字句在韓語中的對譯情況, 借此考察當時的朝鮮譯官及其他漢語學習者是否準確掌握“時”字句的功能。筆者從漢文原文中一共找到199條帶“時”字結構的例句, 根據其韓文對譯進行分類、統計。結果發現, 這類譯文大致上可以分成三類:甲類表時間, 乙類表示假設或條件, 其餘的則列入丙類。三種“時”字句中, 乙類所占百分比最高, 在≪翻譯老乞大≫和≪老乞大諺解≫中分別為84.5%及85%。這顯示當時的朝鮮譯官能較好地掌握“時”字句表假設的功能, 沒有一律按照字面理解爲時間義。本文根據語法化程度, 將這三類的“時”進一步細分為五類, 分別是:“時₁”, 語法化程度最低, 用於表示時間的甲類;“時₂”, 語法化程度高於“時₁”, 可在已發生的事情被當作條件時使用;“時₃”, 比“時₂”更加虛化, 可用於表示現實的條件;“時₄”則比“時₃”更加語法化, 用來表示説話人的推測。以上“時₂”、“時₃”及“時₄”均屬於乙類。最後一個“時₅屬於丙類, 語法化程度最高, 既不表示時間, 也和假設、條件無關, 其功能較接近語氣詞。 Contrary to Modern Chinese, ‘shi’ (時) can be used in conditional statements in Early Mandarin. This usage is widely found in texts written during the Early Mandarin period, including Chinese textbooks published in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. This paper studies the ‘shi’ (時) sentence in Beonyeok Nogeoldae (翻譯老乞大) and Nogeoldae Eonhae (老乞大諺解) by referring to the Korean translation text. There are 199 ‘shi’ sentences found from the Chinese original text. These sentences are then analyzed according to their Korean equivalents and divided into 3 categories. Category A is ‘shi’ that shows the time, while category B referred to ‘shi’ that shows conditions. ‘Shi’ sentences with other usage are included in category C. ‘Shi’ from category B which is used in conditional statements shows the highest percentage with 84.5% in Beonyeok Nogeoldae and 85% in Nogeoldae Eonhae. The ‘shi’s can also be divided into five stages to show their different level of grammaticalization. ‘Shi₁’ with the lowest level of grammaticalization, is one that is used to show the time. ‘Shi₂’ is more grammaticalized than ‘shi₁’ because it appears in sentences that refers to something that already happened. ‘Shi₃’ is used to show a ‘realistic condition’ while ‘shi₄’ expresses guessing. Finally ‘shi₅’ which is used directly after the noun phrase, seems to be the most grammaticalized one and is quite similar to a mood marker.

阿川文庫 『中華正音』 한국어 번역문에 나타난 漢音系 차용어

소열녕 ( Seow¸ Yuening ) 반교어문학회 2021 泮橋語文硏究 Vol.- No.58

이 논문은 아가와문고본(阿川文庫本) 『중화정음(中華正音)』의 한국어 번역문에 나타난 한음계(漢音系) 차용어를 연구하는 데에 목적을 둔다. 한음계 차용어는 한국한자음으로 읽히는 한자어와 달리 중국어의 구어에서 직접 차용된 단어들이다. 이런 단어들은 조선 시대에 간행된 많은 역학서(譯學書)에도 두루 나타난다. 문헌을 분석한 결과, ‘반’(辦), ‘□/□’(惱), ‘□강’(擡槓) 등 3개의 동사 어근과 ‘감투’(㔶頭), ‘디셜’(底下兒), ‘□/□’(吊), ‘반스’(辦事), ‘쇼쳔’(小錢), ‘양즈’(樣子), ‘쟝궤디’(掌櫃的), ‘쳔표’(錢票), ‘톄’(帖), ‘판즈’(盤子), ‘푼호쳔’(分毫錢), ‘피즈’(皮子), ‘피치’(皮氣/脾氣), ‘후’(壺) 등 14개의 명사를 합하여, 총 17개의 차용어를 발견하였고 이들에 대해 음운론적 설명으로 차용 사실을 입증하였다. 이 한음계 차용어들이 보인 특징은 다음 네 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 지섭(止攝) 글자들의 운모(韻母)는 ‘ㅡ’로 표기된다. 둘째, 차용어에는 모음의 생략이 일어난다. 셋째, 한국한자음과 중국음이 섞여 있다. 그리고 넷째, 이전 시기의 역학서에서 볼 수 없는 특이한 이중모음(‘□’, ‘□’)과 삼중모음(‘□’, ‘□’) 표기가 보이는 것이다. The purpose of this paper is to study the Mandarin loanwords in Junghwa Jeongeum or Zhonghua Zhengyin (中華正音) from a Korean linguistic perspective. Junghwa Jeongeum is a handwritten Chinese conversation textbook in the late Joseon period. It consists of three parts: conversations written in Chinese, Chinese pronunciation written in Hangeul, and Korean translation of the Chinese texts. In this study, we use the version from the Agawa Collection (阿川文庫), University of Tokyo’s General Library to analyse its Korean translation. 17 Mandarin loanwords were found, whereby 3 of them were borrowed as verb roots, while the other 14 words were used as nouns. These Mandarin loanwords showed that: (1) Contrary to Sino-Korean (韓國漢字音), vowel of words that are from zhi rhyme(止攝) were written as ‘ㅡ’. (2) Vowel deletion occurred in some loanwords. (3) Some loanwords showed a mixture of Sino-Korean and Mandarin-borrowed sounds. (4) There are diphthongs like ‘□/□’ and triphthongs like ‘□/□’ which do not exists in the Korean sound system.

≪鮮英對照西洋料理法≫中的漢語借詞

소열녕 ( Seow Yuening ) 한국중국학회 2016 중국학보 Vol.78 No.-

The Seoul Women`s Club Cook Book is a cookbook that was published in 1930 during the Japanese Occupation in Korea. Recipes of different Western cuisines in this book were divided into categories such as soups, fish, meats, meat substitutes, eggs, cheese etc. Each recipe was written in English with a Korean translation. This article studies Chinese loanwords from the Korean translation. Previous studies on Early Mandarin loanwords to the Korean language showed that there were certain words for Korean food which were borrowed from the Chinese language. In this study, 68 Sino-Korean words (usually known as 한자어 漢字語) and 10 loanwords from Early Mandarin(近代漢語)were found. Among those Sino-Korean words, many of them were replaced by transliterated words. For instance, “봉리”(bongni) in this book which came from the Chinese word “鳳梨” is now called “파인대플”, a transliteration of “pineapple”; and “젼병”(jyeonbyeong, 煎餠) was replaced by “팬케이크” which is from the English word “pancake”. Meanwhile, there were also combinations of Sino-Korean and native Korean word like “일년감”. “일년”(illyeon) is a Sino-Korean word “一年” which means “one year”, while “감” is a Korean native word for “persimmon”. This “one-year persimmon” is now called “토마토”, a transliteration of “tomato”. In addition, the Sino-Korean prefix “양-”(yang, 洋) which means “Western” was also widely used in this book to translate names of ingredients that originated from the West. For example, “양귤”(yanggyul, 洋橘) would mean “Western tangerine”, a term for orange, while “양대초”(yangdaecho, 洋大棗) , the “Western jujube” is a translation for “dates”. Further studies should be carried out in relation to Korean recipes as this may help researchers to have a clearer picture of Korean lexicon`s history.

한국어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 대조 연구

소열녕 ( Seow Yuening ),구언아 ( Ku Eona ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.97

韓語的“이상”、“이하”、“이내”均為漢字詞, 可寫作“以上”、“以下”、“以内”, 在句中的位置也和漢語的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”一樣, 處於表示數量的成分之後, 因此人們往往認爲兩者的語義及用法完全一致, 實則不然。例如韓國的防疫階段在進入第四級社交距離時, 晚上6點之前的私人聚會最多允許四人參加, 6點之後則最多只能兩人相聚。韓媒稱前者為“4인 이하”, 後者為“3인 이상”, 有關報導被直譯成中文, 分別是“允許四人以下聚會”、“禁止三人以上聚會”。譯者顯然沒有意識到兩種語言的“以上”、“以下”是不同的:韓語的“이상”、“이하”包括前面的數量, 也就是所謂的“包括本數”, 因此允許“4인 이하”聚會表示四人也在允許範圍之内, 禁止“3인 이상”聚會則表示三人亦在被禁之列, 最多只能有兩人聚會;漢語的“以上”習慣上包括本數、“以下”則一般不包括本數, 但有時也會引起誤會, 因此呂叔湘(1999)才會提出要明確表達時可使用“六十分及六十分以上”、“六十分及六十分以下”之類的説法。 為了確切掌握這兩組詞語的含義及用法, 本文面向韓漢兩種語言的母語人士展開了一次問卷調查。共有122名韓語人士及108名漢語人士參與調查, 其結果顯示:一、99.2%的韓語人士認爲“이상”包括本數, 61.1%的漢語人士認爲“以上”包括本數;二、91%的韓語人士認爲“이하”包括本數, 但多達86.1%的漢語人士認爲“以下”不包括本數;三、有53.3%的韓語人士認爲“이내”包含本數, 64.8%的漢語人士認定“以内”包括本數。由此可知, 韓語的“이내”和漢語的“以内”最爲相似, 其次是“이상”與“以上”, 而“이하”與“以下”差異最大。在教漢語人士韓語或指導韓國人學習漢語時, 應强調這三組詞語的區別, 如此方能讓學生準確掌握“이상”、“이하”、“이내”和“以上”、“以下”、“以内”的意義, 避免在日常語言中或從事翻譯工作時出錯。 Both Korean and Chinese language uses the word ‘isang/yĭshang’, ‘iha/yĭxia’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’ to express the meaning of ‘above’, ‘below’ and ‘within’. These set of words share the same Chinese writing, namely ‘以上’, ‘以下’ and ‘以内’ and this makes people tend to think that their meaning and usage are the same in both languages. Therefore, grammar textbooks usually do not explain their meaning and usage in detail. This paper tries to identify the similarities and differences between the Korean ‘isang’, ‘iha’, ‘inae’ and the Chinese ‘yĭshang’, ‘yĭxia’ and ‘yĭnei’ by using the contrastive analysis. A survey was conducted where native speakers of both languages were asked to answer three questions regarding the usage of ‘isang/yĭshang’, ‘iha/yĭxia’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’. 122 Korean speakers and 108 Chinese speakers responded to our questionnaire. The results showed that: (1) 99.2% of Korean speakers considered ‘X isang’ as ‘greater than or equal to X’, 91% of them think that ‘X iha’ means ‘less than or equal to X’, while for ‘X inae’, only 53.3% of the respondents think that ‘X’ should be included in the scope. (2) 61.1% of Chinese speakers perceived ‘X yĭshang’ means ‘greater than or equal to X’, 86.1% considered ‘X yĭxia’ as ‘less than X’, and 64.8% of them think that ‘X’ is included in the scope for ‘X yĭnei’. We can then come to a conclusion that ‘isang/yĭshang’ and ‘inae/yĭnei’ have similar but not totally the same meanings, while ‘iha/yĭxia’ are completely different in the two languages. This must be emphasized when teaching Korean to Chinese speakers and vice versa.