스마트폰의 센서 시스템으로서 활용

박두산 ( Tusan Park ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.2

스마트폰을 이용한 연구 사례는 분야를 막론하고 점차 늘고 있으며 주로 point-of-care 목적으로 의료 및 진단 분야에서 다양한 연구 결과들이 발표되었다. 그런데, 근래에 농업, 환경 및 식품 응용 분야에서 스마트폰의 활용 사례도 늘고 있다. 스마트폰을 이용한 스마트팜의 환경 제어 및 모니터링, 드론 및 노외기계의 주행에 스마트폰을 활용하는 사례들이 대표적이다. 본 연구는 농업, 환경 및 식품 분야에서 스마트폰을 센서 시스템으로서 연구된 사례들을 소개하고자 한다. 농업, 식품 및 수질 분야에서 스마트폰 카메라를 사용한 연구 사례를 소개하고 특히, 식중독균 검출, 식품 품질 분석, 수질 및 안전 모니터링, 식물성장 또는 피해에 관한 정보 수집, 잡초 식별 등의 사례를 소개하고자 한다. 스마트폰 카메라의 활용은 고해상도 이미징, 수동 또는 자동 노출 및 포커스 제어, 사용 편의성, 휴대성, 이미지 저장 및 프로그래밍 기능과 관련하여 이점이 있다. 더불어, 스마트폰에 내장되어 있는 자이로센서, GPS, 근접센서, 적외선 센서 등의 활용으로 다양한 응용이 가능하다. 스마트폰의 향상된 연산능력과 고감도 센서들의 활용을 통해 농업 분야에서 스마트폰을 이용한 연구 사례가 늘어날 것으로 예상되며 연구 결과의 실용화 속도도 매우 빨라질 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

스마트폰의 바이오센서 개발에 응용

박진수 ( Jinsoo Park ),이호서 ( Hoseo Lee ),박두산 ( Tusan Park ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.21 No.2

스마트폰은 휴대형 컴퓨터라고 할 수 있을 정도로 정보의 처리와 저장 능력이 향상되었고, 인터넷 접속이 용이하고, 다양한 센서들을 갖추고 있다. 대다수 스마트폰에는 자이로스코프, GPS(global positioning system), 3축 가속도계, 근접 적외선 센서, 광센서 등이 내장되어있다. 더러는 자기장탐지기, 기압계, 온도계, 습도계, 심장박동계, 지문인식기를 내장한 모델들도 있다. 스마트폰은 이처럼 다양한 센서들을 다양한 응용프로그램을 구현하는데 사용한다. 특히 스마트폰에 내장된 CMOS(complementary metal-oxide -semiconductor)와 같은 광센서/카메라를 바이오센서 개발에사용한 사례들이 늘고 있다. 스마트폰의 광센서/카메라를 기반으로 하는 측정은 사용이 편리하고, 휴대가 간편하기 때문에 의료용, 식품 또는 환경의 안전성 측정을 위한 목적의 센서 개발에 빈번히 사용되고 있다. 스마트폰에 내장된 백색 광원 (White LED: light emitting diode)을 적절히 활용하면 별도의 광원 없이도 재현성 있는 센서 시스템을 구성할 수 있다는 장점도 있다. 본 발표는 최근 스마트폰 카메라를 이용하여 개발한 다양한 바이오센서 사례들을 소개한다. 의료용으로서 갑상선 자극 호르몬 (TSH: Thyroid stimulation hormone), 말라리아(malaria), 요로감염증(urinary tract infection) 등에 스마트폰 카메라가 검출부로 사용된 사례와 대표적인 식중독균인 살모넬라와 대장균 검출, 식육의 대장균 측정, 식품의 품질을 평가하는데 스마트폰 카메라와 자이로스코프가 사용된 사례, 실시간 유전자 증폭(realtime-PCR: polymerase chain reaction) 및 유전자 검출에 스마트폰 카메라가 사용된 사례 등을 소개한다. 스마트폰은 자기 위치를 GPS를 통해 확인이 가능하고, 인터넷 접속이 자유롭기 때문에 스마트폰을 기반하는 센서들로부터 획득한 정보들을 시간 및 위치정보와 연계하여 데이터를 누적하고 종합적인 의사결정을 내리는데 유용한 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다. 이들 사례를 통해 농업용 바이오센서를 개발함에 있어 스마트폰을 적극적으로 활용할 수 있도록 다양한 제안을 한다.

입자 면역반응 분석법을 이용한 축산 사료의 Salmonella와 E.coli 검출을 위한 기초 연구

박하은 ( Haeun Park ),신원진 ( Wonjin Shin ),정지연 ( Jieyun Jung ),박두산 ( Tusan Park ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.22 No.2

국내 송아지에 다발하는 세균성 소화기계 질병들 중 대장균성 설사가 소의 번식 및 단기 비육하는 대부분의 농장에서 문제시 되고 있다. 심한 경우 신생 송아지의 90~100%가 설사증을 보이기도 하고 이들중 20~30%가 폐사하는 경우가 나타나고 있다. 이처럼 설사증을 유발하는 E.coli와 Salmonella는 송아지의 생명에 심각한 위협을 가한다. 그러므로 균 감염에 따른 폐사를 예방하기 위해서는 E.coli와 Salmonella가 송아지 축사에 유입되는 경로를 차단하는 것이 중요하다. 그 일환으로 사료 안의 해당균을 검출하는 시스템을 보편화 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 입자면역법(Particle Immunoarray)을 통해 균의 농도에 따라 항체 결합 정도를 광학적으로 분석하였다. 입자(Polystyrene Latex)에 각각 E.coli와 Salmonella의 항체를 붙인 후, 이 결합물에 각 항원이 포함되어 있는 시료를 농도 별(10, 10², 10³ … 10⁷ CFU/mL)로 넣어 항원-항체 반응을 일으킴으로써 결합물과 균들을 응집시킨다. 결합물과 균들이 응집되어 있는 정도에 따라 산란광이 다르게 나타나는데, 이를 통해 시료에 포함되어 있던 균의 농도를 측정하는 방법을 사용하였다. 현미경을 통해 항원 시료의 농도 별로 입자가 뭉치는 정도를 시각적으로 관찰하고, 산란광 측정 플랫폼을 통해 입자의 뭉침 정도에 따른 산란광의 차이를 측정하였다. 이를 통해 응집하는 입자의 크기를 광학적으로 검출하는 바이오 센서를 개발하고 또한 사료 안전성 측정에 활용하기 위한 기초연구자료가 되길 기대한다. 더불어 위해 균으로 오염된 사료로부터 이들 균을 추출하는 과정에서 균 추출률을 측정하였다. 균이 사료에 들러붙어 모든 균을 추출하는 것이 어렵기 때문에 그 추출률을 확인해 둘 필요가 있었다. TMR(Total Mixed Ration)사료에 E.coli와 Salmonella를 각각 농도 별(10³, 10⁴, 10⁵ CFU/mL)로 접종 한 후, 균이 자리 잡을 수 있도록 1시간 동안 상온에서 배양한다. 균이 접종된 사료와 phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2)를 1:9의 부피비로 10분 간 혼합한다. 혼합물에서 추출한 균을 배양하여, 초기 균 농도와 사료에서 추출한 균의 농도를 비교하여 추출 과정에서의 균 추출률을 확인하였다. 그 결과 10³ CFU/mL까지는 추출률이 높았지만 10⁴ CFU/mL 이상부터는 낮은 추출률을 보였다.

Heating and emission characteristics of briquettes developed from spent coffee grounds

Yeongsu Kim,Tusan Park,Donghyuck Hong 대한환경공학회 2022 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.27 No.4

The development of biomass fuels to replace fossil fuels is on the rise, with increased bioenergy research on spent coffee grounds (SCG). However, no biofuel can currently replace anthracite briquettes. Unlike ordinary solid fossil fuels, anthracite briquettes are heated for a long time and retain the same form after combustion, making them easier to transport. In this study, binders are used to develop a solid fuel that allows SCG to retain their shape after combustion. Specifically, bottom ash (BA) and kaolinite clay (KC) are mixed in different ratios then processed with a press machine and cured to produce briquettes that exhibit zero damage, even after combustion. The results show that the optimal composition for SGC briquette production according to fuel quality and ash shape retention is 20 wt.% SCG; 71 wt.% BA; 9 wt.% KC; and 15 wt.% solution with a 20:1 water/Ca(OH)₂ mixing ratio. This results in a low heating value of 15.8 MJ/kg, 86.82% durability before combustion, and 99.46% durability after combustion. In addition, combustion tests with SCG briquettes confirmed their potential as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel to anthracite briquettes.

Development of Sensor Node Complying with Communication Interface Standard for Smart Farm

( Joonyong Kim ),( Tusan Park ),( Se-yong Yi ),( Dae-hyun Jung ),( Soo-hyun Park ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1

A sensor node is a basic unit of a greenhouse control system. It collects environment data and sends them to a controller. In order to communicate with a controller, it is important to share a communication protocol between a sensor node and a controller. The objectives of this research were to implement a sensor node complying with a communication interface standard between a sensor node and a controller and to evaluate it. The TTAK.KO-06.0288-Part1/R1 was selected as a communication interface standard and it was analyzed and implemented a c++ library, libgnode. A sensor node was designed as two types - wired and wireless connection type. Both sensor nodes can communicate with controllers using the libgnode library. The two sensor nodes and two controllers were installed in a test greenhouse located in Gangleung, Korea. The libgnode can be utilized to improve the interoperability between components of a greenhouse control system.

μPED based electrode modified with nanocomposite for the detection of proline: An abiotic stress biomarker in plant

Mallesh Santhosh,Tusan Park 사단법인 한국정밀농업학회 2023 정밀농업과학기술지 Vol.5 No.3

Plants when exposed to stressful conditions, accumulates array of metabolites. Among them proline plays significant and beneficial role as osmolyte, metal chelator and as anti-oxidative defense and regulator molecule. Thus the proline content is one of the potent bio-marker for the early detection of abiotic stress in plant. In this work a microfluidic paper-based electrochemical device (μPED) modified with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO) decorated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite is utilized to develop disposable system for the detection of proline. Wax and screen printings were utilized to create microfluidic chambers and electrode pattern on paper device, respectively. Portable potentiostat was used for measuring the current in response from the addition of proline. The proposed sensor exhibits excellent electrochemical performance with broad linear responses over a proline concentration ranging from 0.1 mM to 7.5 mM (R2 =0.99) and showed lower detection limit of 0.05 mM at 0.4 V vs. pseudo Ag/AgCl. Excellent electrochemical performance may be attributed to presence of electroactive rGO and catalytic activity towards proline is due to the coordination between proline and copper (II) oxide nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that the proposed paper-based electrochemical sensor can be utilized in disposable and portable way to detect proline content in the abiotic-stressed plants and has potential to be applied in on-site application.

Applications of Smartphone Cameras in Agriculture, Environment, and Food: A review

( Ojun Kwon ),( Tusan Park ) 한국농업기계학회 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.4

Purpose: The smartphone is actively being used in many research fields, primarily in medical and diagnostic applications. However, there are cases in which smartphone-based systems have been developed for agriculture, environment, and food applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research cases using smartphone cameras in agriculture, environment, and food. Methods: This review introduces seventeen research cases which used smartphone cameras in agriculture, food, water, and soil applications. These were classified as systems involving “smartphone-camera-alone” and “smartphone camera with optical accessories”. Results: Detecting food-borne pathogens, analyzing the quality of foods, monitoring water quality and safety, gathering information regarding plant growth or damage, identifying weeds, and measuring soil loss after rain were presented for the smartphone-camera-alone system. Measuring food and water quality and safety, phenotyping seeds, and soil classifications were presented for the smartphone camera with optical accessories. Conclusions: Smartphone cameras were applied in various areas for several purposes. The use of smartphone cameras has advantages regarding high-resolution imaging, manual or auto exposure and focus control, ease of use, portability, image storage, and most importantly, programmability. The studies discussed were achieved by sensitivity improvements of CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) on smartphone cameras and improved computing power of the smartphone, respectively. A smartphone camera-based system can be used with ease, low cost, in near-real-time, and on-site. This review article presents the applications and potential of the smartphone and the smartphone camera used for various purposes in agriculture, environment, and food.

Optimizing postharvest management of bananas in Uganda: a resilience and engineering-based approach

Geoffrey Ssekyanzi,Tusan Park 사단법인 한국정밀농업학회 2023 정밀농업과학기술지 Vol.5 No.4

This study delves into the intricacies of postharvest management in banana production in Uganda, aiming to uncover insights that can enhance resilience and capitalize on opportunities for the sustained growth of banana cultivation. The examination spans the entire postharvest process, encompassing harvesting, handling, transportation, and storage up to the market stage. By identifying the primary causes of postharvest losses and understanding the associated challenges, this research outlines best practices to pave the way for a more robust banana production system, benefiting farmers and contributing to broader agricultural sustainability goals. The investigation explores the core issues affecting millions of lives and endeavors to catalyze transformative change by adapting to challenges and leveraging innovative engineering opportunities. The overarching objective is to ensure food security and elevate the economic well-being of smallholder farmers in Uganda. Recommendations emanating from this research are directed at stakeholders, urging them to scrutinize and reevaluate policies and regulations of banana postharvest management. The intention is to foster an enabling environment conducive to innovation, sustainability, and equitable development in the banana production sector.

Applications of Smartphone Cameras in Agriculture, Environment, and Food: A review

Kwon, Ojun,Park, Tusan Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery 2017 바이오시스템공학 Vol.42 No.4

Purpose: The smartphone is actively being used in many research fields, primarily in medical and diagnostic applications. However, there are cases in which smartphone-based systems have been developed for agriculture, environment, and food applications. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research cases using smartphone cameras in agriculture, environment, and food. Methods: This review introduces seventeen research cases which used smartphone cameras in agriculture, food, water, and soil applications. These were classified as systems involving "smartphone-camera-alone" and "smartphone camera with optical accessories". Results: Detecting food-borne pathogens, analyzing the quality of foods, monitoring water quality and safety, gathering information regarding plant growth or damage, identifying weeds, and measuring soil loss after rain were presented for the smartphone-camera-alone system. Measuring food and water quality and safety, phenotyping seeds, and soil classifications were presented for the smartphone camera with optical accessories. Conclusions: Smartphone cameras were applied in various areas for several purposes. The use of smartphone cameras has advantages regarding high-resolution imaging, manual or auto exposure and focus control, ease of use, portability, image storage, and most importantly, programmability. The studies discussed were achieved by sensitivity improvements of CCDs (charge-coupled devices) and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) on smartphone cameras and improved computing power of the smartphone, respectively. A smartphone camera-based system can be used with ease, low cost, in near-real-time, and on-site. This review article presents the applications and potential of the smartphone and the smartphone camera used for various purposes in agriculture, environment, and food.

Transforming Philippine agriculture through Agriculture 4.0

Julie Anne G. Cordero,Tusan Park 사단법인 한국정밀농업학회 2023 정밀농업과학기술지 Vol.5 No.4

Agriculture 4.0 has paved the way for Philippine agriculture through the One Department of Agriculture (One DA) Agenda. The government is slowly paving its way to Agriculture 4.0 through the support of collaborating countries and agencies. The increasing digital integration and advanced technologies emphasizing precision farming have contributed to the industry's growth. The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors contributed 8.9% to the Philippines' GDP (PSA, 2022). Agriculture 4.0 also contributed to the increase in farm mechanization level of the country to 2.679 horsepower per hectare (hp/ha) from 2.31 hp/ha in 2013 (Bagoso, 2023). The government has recently developed a more straightforward approach to farming problems, such as monitoring farm activity through drones, remote sensing, and satellite technologies. The farmers can now access real-time updates on infrastructure and machinery projects from proposal to turning-over through ABEMIS. Using remote sensing and data analytics has become a game changer in agriculture, especially in weather prediction, forecast of future yields, disaster assessment and access to insurance schemes are available with PRiSM and RIICE projects. Drone use in different applications was strengthened through policies set by the DA. The continuous research for development and technology transfer with local government units through province-led agriculture and fisheries extension systems helps the government promote digital transformation in agriculture. Indeed, Agriculture 4.0 is the future of global agriculture and the engine of agriculture modernization in the Philippines.