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Safeguarding Millimeter Wave Communications Against Randomly Located Eavesdroppers
Ju, Ying,Wang, Hui-Ming,Zheng, Tong-Xing,Yin, Qinye,Lee, Moon Ho IEEE 2018 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Vol.17 No.4
<P>Mm-wave offers a sensible solution to the capacity crunch faced by 5G wireless communications. This paper comprehensively studies physical layer security in a multi-input single-output mm-wave system, where multiple single-antenna eavesdroppers are randomly located. Concerning the specific propagation characteristics of mm-wave, we investigate two secure transmission schemes, namely maximum ratio transmitting beamforming and artificial noise (AN) beamforming. Specifically, we first derive closed-form expressions of the connection probability for both schemes. We then analyze the secrecy outage probability in both non-colluding eavesdroppers and colluding eavesdroppers scenarios. Also, we maximize the secrecy throughput under a secrecy outage probability constraint, and obtain optimal transmission parameters, especially the power allocation between AN and the information signal for AN beamforming. Numerical results are provided to verify our theoretical analysis. We observe that the density of eavesdroppers, the spatially resolvable paths of the destination and eavesdroppers all contribute to the secrecy performance and the parameter design of mm-wave systems.</P>
Lam, Simon Ching,Chong, Andy Chun Yin,Chung, Jessie Yuk Seng,Lam, Ming Yee,Chan, Lai Man,Shum, Cho Yee,Wong, Eliza Yi Ni,Mok, Yat Man,Lam, Ming Tat,Chan, Man Man,Tong, Ka Ying,Chu, Oi Lee,Siu, Fong Ki 한국성인간호학회 2020 성인간호학회지 Vol.32 No.1
Purpose: This study aimed to establish the translation adequacy and examine the psychometric properties of FaceMask Use Scale (FMUS). Methods: This methodological study employed a cross-sectional design with repeatedmeasures. Phase 1 examined the equivalence and relevance of English and Chinese versions of FMUS. Phase2 examined the internal consistency, stability and construct validity. Different sample batches (213 universitystudents and 971 general public) were used appropriately for psychometric testing. The 2-phase data were collectedbetween January and April 2017. Results: In Phase 1, the semantic equivalence and relevance (item- and scale-levelcontent-validity-index=100%) was satisfactory. Furthermore, from 133 paired test-retest responses, the quadraticweighted kappa (.53~.73, p<.001) and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC=.81) between the English andChinese version of FMUS were satisfactory. In Phase 2, FMUS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency(Cronbach’s ⍺=.80~.81; corrected item-total correlation coefficients=.46~.67) and two-week test-retest stability(ICC=.84). The known-groups method (t=3.08, p<.001), exploratory (71.10% of total variance in two-factor model)and confirmatory factory analysis (x2/df=4.02, Root Mean Square Residual=.03, Root Mean Square Error ofApproximation=.06, Goodness of Fit Index=.99, Comparative Fit Index=.99) were all satisfactory for establishingthe construct validity. Conclusion: The FMUS has an equivalence Chinese and English versions, satisfactoryreliability and validity for measuring the practice of face mask use. This poses clinical and research implications forthose community health nurses who works on respiratory protection. Further research should be conducted on the‘negligent practice’ of FMU.
Liu, Xi-Jun,Lin, Xiu-Tong,Yin, Yong,Chen, Jin-Hu,Xing, Li-Gang,Yu, Jin-Ming Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.5
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine a method of dose prescription that minimizes normal tissue irradiation outside the planning target volume (PTV) during stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Methods: Previous research and patients with typical T1 lung tumors with peripheral lesions in the lung were selected for analysis. A PTV and several organs at risk (OARs) were constructed for the dose calculated; six treatment plans employing intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were produced, in which the dose was prescribed to encompass the PTV, with the prescription isodose level (PIL) set at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 95% of the isocenter dose. Additionally, four OARs around the PTV were constructed to evaluate the dose received in adjacent tissues. Results: The use of higher PILs for SBRT resulted in improved sparing of OARs, with the exception of the volume of lung treated with a lower dose. Conclusions: The use of lower PILs is likely to create significant inhomogeneity of the dose delivered to the target, which may be beneficial for the control of tumors with poor conformity indices.