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( Estate M Sokhadze ),( Kyung Hwa Lee ),( Long Mee Lee ),( Long In Oh ),( Jin Hun Sohn ) 한국감성과학회 2000 춘계학술대회 Vol.2000 No.-
One of the most important topics in attentional and emotional modulation of cardiac responses is time course of cardiac chronotropic response. The reason lies in dual innervation of heart, which leads to occurrence of several phases of cardiac response during exposure to affective stimuli, determined by the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. Cardiac chronotropic reactivity thus represents QUlte effective measure capable to trace the moment when attending and orienting processes (i.e., sensory intake of stimulus) prime relevant behavioral response (i.e., emotion with approach or avoidance tendencies). The aim of this study was to find the time course of heart rate (HR) responses typical for negative (disgust, surprise, fear, anger) and positive (happiness, pleasant erotic) affective pictures and to identify cardiac response dissociation for emotions with different action tendencies such as "approach" (surprise, anger, happiness) and "avoidance" (fear, sadness, disgust). Forty college students participated in this study where cardiac responses to slides from Laps intended to evoke basic emotions (surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, happiness, pleasant-erotic). Inter-beat intervals of HR were analyzed on every 10 sec basis during 60 sec long exposure to affective visual stimuli. Obtained results demonstrated that differentiation was observed at the very first 10 s of exposure (anger-fear, surprise-sad, surprise-erotic, surprise-happiness pairs), reaching the peak of dissociation at 30 s (same pairs plus surprise-disgust and surprise-fear) and was still effective for some pairs (surprise-erotic, surprise-sad) even at 50 s and 60 s. Discussed are potential cardiac autonomic mechanisms underlying attention and emotion processes evoked by affective stimulation and theoretical considerations implicated to understand the role of differential cardiac reactivity m the behavioral context (e.g., approach-avoidance tendencies, orienting-defense responses).
( Estate M. Sokhadze ),( Jong Mi Lee ),( Mi Kyung Park ),( Jin Hun Sohn ) 한국감성과학회 2000 추계학술대회 Vol.2000 No.-
Beat-to-beat changes in heart period (heart period variability, HPV) are mediated by fluctuations in autonomic activity. Spectral analysis is used to quantify such fluctuations in the range of 0.15-0.40 Hz (high frequency, HF), which are influenced primarily by parasympathetic factors. These fluctuations are often referred to as RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), the physiological phenomenon extracted by spectral analysis and other methods including histograms of heart rate (HR), deviations of HR etc. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia indexing with peak-to-valley method suggested by Grossman et al, (1987) yields a simple range statistic and is quantified on breath-by-breath basis, thus being quite sensitive and less dependent on recording time as compared to spectral analysis. It is strongly recommended to use at least 1 min epoch to asses HF component of HPV and at least 2 min for low frequency (LF) of HPV and even 5 min for valid clinical assessment. Peak-to-valley statistic is limited to RSA index only, but has its pragmatic advantages. Most important is possibility of its application for relatively small epoch analysis. We used short periods (20,30, 40 sec only) and off-line analysis of RSA using ECG and respiration curve this method of assessment and proved that this method is more practically effective. The RSA index was not so far dependent on respiration pattern differences and reflected actual vagal control of HR and were accompanied by low HR under some high stress conditions and in an aversive affective visual stimulation experiments. Another factor that might modulate cardiac chronotropic response is the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs on sino-atrial (SA) node level, because responses to vagal influences are known to be proportional to ongoing sympathetic activity, that is so called accentuated antagonism. Since sympathetic outflow (increment of influences on SA) under negative emotions or stress was high in almost all physiological responses, vagal effects on HR could be therefore potentiated, leading to masking of output cardiac response seen in HPV, In the case of moderate sympathetic activation, on the other hand, autonomic interactions in cardiac control appear to be minimal. Thus RSA index appears to be an effective alternative method to assess and measure spectral HPV.
소음상황에서 인지적 과제에 의해 유발된 스트레스에 대한 자율신경반응의 기제
손진훈 ( Jin Hun Sohn ),( Estate M. Sokhadze ),이경화 ( Kyung Hwa Lee ),김연규 ( Yeon Kyu Kim ),최상섭 ( Sang Sup Choi ) 한국감성과학회 1999 추계학술대회 Vol.1999 No.-
A mental task combined with noise background is an effective model of laboratory stress for study of psychophysiology of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The intensity of the background noise significantly affects both a subjective evaluation of experienced stress level during test and the physiological responses associated with mental load in noisy environments. Providing tests of similar difficulties we manipulated the background noise intensity as a main factor influencing a psychophysiological outcome and the analyzed reactivity along withe the noise intensity dimension. The goal of this study was to identify the patterns of ANS responses and the relevant subjective stress scores during performance of word recognition tasks on the background of white noise (WN) of the different intensities (55, 70 and 85 dB). Subjects were 27 college students (19-24 years old). BIOPAC, Grass Neurodata System and AcqKnowlwdge 3.5 software were used to record ECG, PPG, SCL, skin temperature, and respiration. Experimental manipulations were effective in producing subjective and physiological responses usually associated with stress. The results suggested that the following potential autonomic mechanisms might be involved in the mediation of the observed physiological responses: A sympathetic activation with parasympathetic withdrawal during mild 55 and 70dB noise (featured by similar profiles) and simultaneous activation of sympathetic and parasympathtic systems during intense 85dB WN. The parasympathetic activation in this case might be a compensatory effect directed to prevent sympathetic domination and to maintain optimal arousal state for the successful performance on mental stress task. It should be mentioned that obtained results partially support Gellhorn``s (1960; 1970) "tuning phenomenon" as a possible mechanism underlying stress response.
Dynamics of Facial Subcutaneous Blood Flow Recovery in Post-stress Period
( Jin Hun Sohn ),( Estate M. Sokhadze ),( Kyung Hwa Lee ),( Jong Mi Lee ),( Mi Kyung Park ),( Ji Yeon Choi ) 한국감성과학회 2000 추계학술대회 Vol.2000 No.-
The aim of the study was to compare effects of music and white noise on the recovery of facial blood flow parameters after stressful visual stimulation. Twenty-nine subjects participated in the experiment. Three visual stimulation sessions with aversive slides (the IAPS, disgust category) were followed by subjectively "pleasant" (in the first session), "sad" music (in the second ), and white noise (in the third ). Order of sessions was counterbalanced. Blood flow parameters (peak blood flow, blood flow velocity, blood volume) were recorded by Laser Doppler single-crystal system (LASERFLO BPM 403A) interfaced through BIOPAC 100WS with AcqKnowledge software (v.3.5) and analyzed in off-line mode. Aversive visual stimulation itself decreased blood flow and velocity in all 3 sessions. Both "pleasant" and "sad" music led to the restoration of baseline levels in all blood flow parameters, while noise did not enhance recovery process. Music on post-stress recovery had significant change in peak blood flow and blood flow velocity, but not in blood volume measures. Pleasant music had bigger effects on post-stress recovery in peak blood flow and flow velocity than white noise. It reveals that music exerted positive modulatory effects on facial vascular activity measures during recovery from negative emotional state elicited by stressful slides. Results partially support the undoing hypothesis of Levenson (1994), which states that positive emotions may facilitate process of recovery from negative emotions.