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The Private Academies (Sŏwŏn) and Neo-Confucianism in Late Chosŏn Korea
( Ch’oe Yŏng-ho ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2008 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.21 No.2
As an important educational institution, the sŏwŏn played a key role in disseminating Neo-Confucian teachings in Chosŏn Korea. Initiated by the sarim (Neo-Confucian literati), scholars determined to recreat the sociey envisioned by Neo-Confucian sages and worthies, the private academies overshadowed the state schools (hyanggyo) as centers for education and moral cultivation in all provinces in Korea. In the early phase of their growth, the private academies were very elitist, admitting only highly motivated serious scholars, who enjoyed a great degree of privilege and prestige. Their success as educational centers led to a proliferation of private academies in all parts of the country, causing serious problems for the state, such as a decline in academic standards and abuse of power. Often private academies became havens for those who tried to dodge military tax and became involved in partisan politics. Neverthless, the sŏwŏn were very successful in their objective to transform Chosŏn Korea into a Neo- Confucian state, so much so that the force that resisted the Western powers in the nineteenth century came largely from those trained at these academies.
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