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      • From Protectionism to “Free Trade”, Australia’s Long Road to a Trade Rules Based Order: The Free Trade Agreement with the European Union

        ( Bruno Mascitelli ),( And Bruce Wilson ) 한국EU학회 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.17 No.2

        From the early days of Anglo-settlement, Australia was a strong defender of protectionist trade policies. This began in the relations between the colonial states which engaged in closer and freer trade with their colonial master, the United Kingdom (UK), than with other colonies. However, by the 1950s, Australia was a staunch defender of the GATT approach in its attempts to create a greater level playing field across many sectors and especially in the agricultural sector. The Australian Government made its most significant leap into free trade with the reforms to the economy in the 1980s which continued in the following decades, ultimately leading to bilateral relations trade agreements with some eleven nations with a further five waiting for implementation. Its most ambitious Free Trade Agreements have been with China, Japan and South Korea as they were Australia’s key markets and were at the same time Australia’s first, second and third most important export destination. A Free Trade Agreement with the European Union (EU) remains a key objective. The EU is not yet “institutionalised” with a trade agreement yet it is Australia’s second largest trade partner (regional) and includes (at the time of writing) one of its historical primary trading partners, the United Kingdom (UK). For decades trade discussions with the European Union (and its predecessors) brought very little comfort or agreement in Australian trading circles. Australian agricultural producers had lost a crucial market when the UK had joined the Common Market, and had had to make amends to cover that loss. Over time the global markets changed and Australia’s new trade preferences, with Asian partners in particular, were able to compensate for that loss. The EU has re-emerged as a market of significant interest and the past tensions are being put to bed. It was, in the words of the former Trade Minister, the “missing piece” in Australia’s trade scenario [see endnote].

      • European Studies in Australia: Origins, Development and Current Standing

        ( Bruno Mascitelli ),( Sophie Di Francesco-mayot ),( Peter Morgan ),( Bruce Wilson ) 한국EU학회 2020 Asia-Pacific Journal of EU Studies Vol.18 No.2

        European Studies in Australia really emerged in the 1990s Australian universities initially through the medium of university curriculums. European Union integration studies were rare within the curriculum and appeared mostly through the portal of multidisciplinary curriculum. Much of the studies of Europe became associated with the appreciation, or lack thereof, of what was happening and what was understood with the European project. Given the British origins of Australia and difficulties experienced by Australia with British entry in the European Community in 1973, the perception of Europe was not an especially positive one. The furious response from political circles, agriculture and other impacted entities had a lasting impact on Australia’s vision of the European project. Amidst this background European Studies emerged and timidly proceeded to establish itself. In this background the Australian association for European Studies emerged when in 1991 in an Australian Political Science conference, voices were raised for a specific perspective towards Europe. Thus emerged the Contemporary European Studies Association of Australia (CESAA) which joined the EU Studies Asia Pacific at its foundation and provided an Australian voice. The culmination of this evolution was the grand step to merge with its New Zealand counterparts in May 2020 bringing greater reach, breadth and depth to European Union outreach in this part of the world.

      • Skew-Dependent Performance Evaluation of Array-Reader-Based Magnetic Recording With Dual-Reader

        Euiseok Hwang,Oenning, Travis,Mathew, George,Rahgozar, Parviz,Tedja, Suharli,Han Fang,Garfunkel, Glen,Yan Wu,Hu, David,Duquette, Paul,Fitch, Ken,Rabbitt, Chad,Petrizzi, Joseph,Wilson, Bruce,Rauschmaye IEEE 2015 IEEE transactions on magnetics Vol.51 No.4

        <P>Array-reader-based magnetic recording (ARMR) shows potential to achieve areal density capability (ADC) beyond 1 Tb/in<SUP>2</SUP> by jointly processing multiple readback streams. Dual-reader ARMR with two read sensors and associated read channel signal processing algorithms are currently being actively investigated. In this paper, dual-reader ARMR performance is evaluated focusing on skew-induced variation in cross-track separation (CTS) between the two read sensors. Spin-stand captured waveforms based evaluation is presented for the cases where a dual-reader with certain CTS and skew is emulated using captures from a single-reader at different cross-track locations as well as for the case of actual dual-reader-based captures, where the latter also accounts for head rotation. Based on bit error rate scan along cross-track under various squeezed recording and skew conditions, squeeze-to-death margin-based ADC gain of ARMR is predicted. Dual-reader ARMR shows 5%-10% ADC gain over single-reader for CTS less than 0.6 track pitch, while showing limited gains for larger CTS. Also presented is the performance evaluation of dual-reader ARMR on spin-stand using a hardware accelerated ARMR performance evaluation platform, called Stingray, which uses four Avago read channel silicon chips and a customized field programmable gate array to enable high-speed joint equalization and detection using dual-reader readback streams.</P>

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