태종대 정몽주 추증(追贈)의 정치사적 의미 - 조선 창업 과정에 대한 명분적 정리 -

윤정 포은학회 2019 포은학연구 Vol.23 No.-

This paper looks into the political meaning of the posthumous conferment of honors for Jeong Mong-Ju during the reign of King Taejong dynasty, based on records to assassinate Jeong Mong-Ju in a series of 『the Annals of King Taejo』, 『Koryǒsa(高麗史)』 and 『Songs of Flying Dragons(龍飛御天歌)』. Assassination of Jeong Mong-Ju is arranged as a case which was led by Yi Bang-won(King Taejong). However, when we looks into the plan and its execution process, it is able to know that the case includes modified elements in content as per political fluctuation during the reign of King Jeongjong and Taejong after King Taejo’s accession to the throne. especially, it is difficult to assume that Yi Bang-won who was passer of Munkwa(文科, the civilian service examination) and didn’t do any militarily special works before made the plan to assassinate Jeong Mong-Ju by bringing people close to Yi Sung-Gye who were Yi Bang-won’s older brother and uncle and their units. the narrative like this was linked to action that King Taejong acknowledged Jeong Mong-Ju’s fidelity and did the posthumous conferment of honors for him after the enthronement. This action was for acknowledging legitimacy of political process that Yi Sung-Gye stood on restoration of Koryo dynasty by enthroning King Gongyang with him. futhermore, it was also had a purpose to prevent the collusion of opposing forces and block new political upheaval on the same principle that King Taejong admitted the loyalties of vassals who did their endeavors in the side of King Taejo, King Jeongjong and Prince Huaian(懷安大君) during the foundation of Joseon Dynasty and the First and Second Strife of princes. the person who actually played a leading role in assassination of Jeong Mong-ju was Yi Bang-Gwa(King Jeongjong) who acted as a political and military proxy of Yi Sung-Gye. he guarded Yi Sung-Gye who withdrew from the Royal court and carried out the plan, discussing closely with Yi Du-ran, Yi hwa, Yi je, and so on. this situation showed that Yi Sung-Gye was the final arbiter of assassination of Jeong Mong-Ju. however, narratives like this had a high risk of harming justification of King Taejong's enthronement that he led the political process of founding country and political affairs. Accordingly, during the reign of King Taejong and Saejong Dynasty, the role of King Taejong in the process of founding country came to the fore and its core contents consisted of describing assassination process of Jeong Mong-Ju revolving around King Taejong. as the result, foundation of Joseon Dynasty was arranged as a conflict composition between Jeong Mong-Ju who was loyal to Koryo, house of ‘Wang’ and Yi Bang-Won who founded Joseon, house of ‘Yi’, and defined as a dynastic revolution accomplished by the replacement of Heaven’s will, in spite of faithful retainers's fidelity. 본 논문은 『태조실록』 총서와 『고려사』, 『용비어천가』에 실린 정몽주 제거관련 기록을 토대로 태종대 정몽주의 증직이 가지는 정치적인 의미를 살펴본 것이다. 위의 기록에는 이방원(태종)의 주도로 정몽주의 제거가 이루어진 것으로 정리되어 있지만, 그 계획과 실행과정을 살펴보면 태조 즉위 후 정종·태종대에 걸친 정치 변동에 따라 변형된 요소를 포함하여 기록을 그대로 사실로 확정하기 어렵다. 특히 문과 급제자로서 이전까지 군사적으로 특별한 활동이 드러나지 않는 이방원이 숙부와 형에 해당하는 이성계의 최측근 인물들과 예하 부대를 동원하여 정몽주를 제거하는 계획을 세운 주체였다고 보기에는 무리가 있다. 이와 같은 서술은 태종이 즉위 후 정몽주의 고려 왕조에 대한 충절을 인정하여 증직한 조치와 연계되어 있었다. 이 조치는 이성계가 정몽주와 함께 공양왕을 옹립하여 고려왕조의 중흥을 내세웠던 정치과정의 정당성을 강화하기 위한 것이다. 나아가 조선왕조의 개국과 1‧2차 왕자의 난의 와중에 태조와 정종, 회안대군 휘하에서 절의를 다한 신료들의 충의를 태종이 인정한 것과 동일한 원리에서 반대세력의 결집을 막고 새로운 정치변란을 차단하려는 목적을 띠고 있었다. 실제 정몽주 제거에서 주도적인 역할을 한 것은 이성계의 정치적 군사적인 역할을 대행하던 이방과(정종)였다. 그는 조정에서 물러나 있는 이성계를 호위하면서 이두란과 이화, 이제 등과 긴밀히 논의하며 계획을 실행하였는데, 이러한 과정은 이성계가 정몽주 제거의 최종적인 결정자였음을 보여준다. 하지만 이러한 과정은 태종이 개국과 정사의 정치과정을 주도하였기 때문에 즉위하였다는 명분을 침해할 수 있었다. 태종-세종대에는 태종의 개국과정에서의 역할이 부각되었는데, 정몽주 제거의 과정을 태종 중심으로 서술한 것은 그에 따른 것이었다. 그 결과 조선왕조의 개국은 고려의 왕씨(王氏)에 충절을 다하는 정몽주와 이씨(李氏) 왕조를 개국하는 이방원 양자의 대립 구도 속에서 이루어진 것이며, 충신들의 절의에도 불구하고 천명(天命)의 교체에 따라 이루어진 역성혁명(易姓革命)으로 규정되었다.

義安大君 李和의 功臣歷에 대한 고찰

천성래 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.30 No.-

본 논문은 ‘여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력’에 대한 고찰로서, 고려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어 보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa's meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations - whether national or international - accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts (1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty's collapse and Joseon Dynasty's foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa's dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.

일반논문 : 의안대군이화(義安大君李和)의 공신력(功臣歷)에 대한 고찰

천성래 ( Seong Rai Cheon ) 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.30 No.-

본 논문은 "여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력"에 대한 고찰로서, 고려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa`s meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations-whether national or international-accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts(1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty`s collapse and Joseon Dynasty`s foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa``s dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.

義安大君李和의 功臣歷에 대한 고찰

천성래 한서대학교 동양고전연구소 2014 동방학 Vol.31 No.-

본 논문은 ‘여말 선초 의안대군 이화의 공신력’에 대한 고찰로서, 고 려 말에서 조선 초기는 왕조의 폐망과 개국으로의 변화가 극심했던 시 기로서 공신 의안대군 이화의 활동을 중심으로 공신력을 살펴 본 것이 다. 여말선초 위화도 회군과 조선의 개국, 제1차, 제2차 왕자의 난으로 국내외적으로 위기 상황에서 이화는 결정적인 공을 세웠고 그것은 그가 여말선초 4대공신이라는 기록적인 의미로 남게 되었다. 고려의 멸망과 조선의 건국이라는 미명아래 많은 공신들이 탄생할 수밖에 없었고 공신 도감을 설치하여 공신에 대한 업무를 관장하게 하였을 정도이다. 여말 선초의 최대 공신인 이화는 태조 이성계의 이복동생으로서 회군 공신, 개국공신, 정사공신, 좌명공신 등 4대 공신에 책봉되며, 당대 최대 의 특혜를 누린 인물이다. 그는 이성계의 최측근에서 여러 환난을 슬기 롭게 극복하고 행동하는 왕족으로서 고려 말 조선 초기의 실제적 힘이 되었다. 그는 영삼사사를 지내고 마침내 영의정이 되었으나 그에 대한 연구는 거의 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 의안대군 이화의 행적을 통해 여말선초의 공신에 대해 살펴보고, 공신에 대한 특혜와 공신의 위차 등에 대한 차이를 살펴 보는데 의미가 있다고 하겠다. 이를 통해 우리 역사 속에 숨어 드러나지 않았던 태조 이성계의 이복동생 의안대군 이화에 대한 생애를 더듬어 보고, 왕족으로서 위기의 순간에 역동적인 행동을 통해 성리학으로 무 장한 신흥사대부와 더불어 조선의 정통성 확립을 이룩한 이면의 무인정 신을 찾을 수 있을 것이다. As a part of examination into vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, this study sought to investigate history about vassals of merit primarily in terms of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa's meritorious activities during such period of transition where extreme changes occurred with collapse of former dynasty as well as foundation of new dynasty. Yi Hwa rendered his distinguished services even under critical situations - whether national or international - accompanied with troop withdrawal at Wihwado, foundation of Joseon dynasty and two prince revolts (1st and 2nd). And his services gave a historical implication that he was one of 4 great vassals of merit during such a period of transition in Korean history. Under the guise of Goryeo Dynasty's collapse and Joseon Dynasty's foundation, it was inevitable that there were many vassals of merit produced during this critical period, and royal family granted proper favors to those vassals with stipend for vassals of merit. In particular, Joseon Dynasty installed even a governmental office for vassals of merit to supervise general affairs about vassals of merit. It may be definitely to say that Euian Daegun Yi Hwa was the greatest vassal of merit during the period of transition from Goryeo to Joseon. He was a half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye, the founder of Joseon Dynasty. Yi Hwa was invested as the vassal of 4 great merits in contribution to troop withdrawal, new dynasty foundation, affairs of state and assistance in making Yi Seong-gye the first king of Joseon dynasty, so he could enjoy the greatest favor granted by the governmental authority of his contemporary dynasty. Yi Hwa was a royal family member who stood nearest by Yi Seong-gye and got over a series of hardships wisely with bold actions, so he could play a role as real contributor to founding Joseon Dynasty after collapse of Goryeo Dynasty. According to historical documents, he took up Yeongsamsasa and was finally appointed as Yeong-euijeong, the prime minister of Joseon Dynasty, but there was very few studies focusing on his presence in the history. Therefore, this study has its implications in that it addresses the historical activities of Euian Daegun Yi Hwa to examine vassals of merit from the late era of Goryeo Dynasty to the early era of Joseon Dynasty, and determine any differences in special favors and order of ranks for the vassal of merit. Thus, it is expected that we will be able to explore the lifetime of Yi Hwa, a covered half-brother of Taejo Yi Seong-gye in Korean history, and will be able to examine Yi Hwa's dynamic actions as royal family at critical moments of historical transition, so that we may find out the military spirit of a vassal behind his meritorious contribution to establishing the legitimacy of Joseon Dynasty in collaboration with emerging gentry armed with the philosophy of Neo-confucianism.