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알렉산더크나이더 한국독일사학회 2014 독일연구 Vol.- No.28
Germany and Korea are looking back at a long common history, which can be divided historically as well as politically into two phases. The official establishment of diplomatic relations between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Korea in 1883 marks the beginning of the first phase, which comes already to its early end by the loss of Korea’s sovereignty in 1910. The second phase, which begins after World War II, is marked by a common political destiny of divided countries and characterized by the relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) as well as the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The relatively short period of the first phase around the turn of the 19th and 20th century, which is focused on in this study, was marked by an extremely low ambition of imperial Germany in Korea. Commercially and politically Berlin orientated itself rather towards China and Japan, because these countries played an important power-political role in Eastern Asia and were the center of attention of rival western powers. Also the religious aspect, which remained reserved at the beginning of the religious spreading in the Far East rather to the Portuguese and later the French and Americans was at first not relevant for the German Empire. This situation only changed slightly with the appearance of the Benedictine monks from Saint Ottilien in Bavaria on the stage of Korean missions at the end of 1909. In the present study, three historical aspects of the German-Korean relations will be analyzed. First, contacts between Germans and Koreans already before the establishment of the diplomatic relations of both countries and their historical consequences are examined. The second aspect to be considered is the question, which activities German citizens have followed in Korea and to what extent they have influenced or formed the historical German-Korean relations. For this purpose, six individual people as well as a group of missionaries who have taken special positions of influence within the Korean government or society during their long-standing activities are exemplarily studied. In the last part, the role of the German Empire in the context of rivaling western powers in Northeast Asia is examined closer, followed especially by the question, which interest the Berlin government pursued in the Kingdom of Korea and the later Joseon Empire, respectively.
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Deutsches Wirken im alten Joseon:
Hans Alexander Kneider 한국독일사학회 2014 독일연구 Vol.- No.28
Germany and Korea are looking back at a long common history, which can be divided historically as well as politically into two phases. The official establishment of diplomatic relations between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Korea in 1883 marks the beginning of the first phase, which comes already to its early end by the loss of Korea’s sovereignty in 1910. The second phase, which begins after World War II, is marked by a common political destiny of divided countries and characterized by the relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the Republic of Korea (ROK) as well as the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The relatively short period of the first phase around the turn of the 19th and 20th century, which is focused on in this study, was marked by an extremely low ambition of imperial Germany in Korea. Commercially and politically Berlin orientated itself rather towards China and Japan, because these countries played an important power-political role in Eastern Asia and were the center of attention of rival western powers. Also the religious aspect, which remained reserved at the beginning of the religious spreading in the Far East rather to the Portuguese and later the French and Americans was at first not relevant for the German Empire. This situation only changed slightly with the appearance of the Benedictine monks from Saint Ottilien in Bavaria on the stage of Korean missions at the end of 1909. In the present study, three historical aspects of the German-Korean relations will be analyzed. First, contacts between Germans and Koreans already before the establishment of the diplomatic relations of both countries and their historical consequences are examined. The second aspect to be considered is the question, which activities German citizens have followed in Korea and to what extent they have influenced or formed the historical German-Korean relations. For this purpose, six individual people as well as a group of missionaries who have taken special positions of influence within the Korean government or society during their long-standing activities are exemplarily studied. In the last part, the role of the German Empire in the context of rivaling western powers in Northeast Asia is examined closer, followed especially by the question, which interest the Berlin government pursued in the Kingdom of Korea and the later Joseon Empire, respectively.
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김필영 한국독일사학회 2019 독일연구 Vol.- No.40
In the age of globalization, cultural contacts are increasing among people from different cultural backgrounds. It seems demanding to overcome the idea that ‘culture’ is a homogenized and separate unit. Even so, a mono-cultural category and a separated cultural tradition coexist in many people’s minds as ever. How does personal border crossing experience affect these cultural understandings? This paper examines the development of intercultural and transcultural interactions or hybrid cultures through intercultural contacts in case of André Eckardt (1884-1974). Eckardt’s experience beyond the cultural border for the first time as a German missionary in Korea and as a scholar of Korean Studies in Germany later led him from the stage of perceiving Korean culture on the basis of his self-culture, the German culture to the stage of focusing on the interaction of the two cultures. Eckardt as a missionary in Korea had a dichotomous thinking and searched for contrasts and comparisons of the two cultures. However, he also paid attention to ‘cultural hybridity’ in cultures. Eckardt as a Koreanologist in Germany crossed ‘really’ national and cultural borders and demonstrated intercultural and transcultural interactions with the changes of his research foci from ‘unilateral’ to ‘mutual’ and ‘hybrid.’ He became a mediator of the two cultures in his life working as a German missionary in Korea and Koreanologist in Germany. As seen from the results of this study that were derived from personal case of Eckardt, the national and cultural borders seem to be ‘mobile’ and ‘variable’. That is, there is always movement beyond the borders wherever and whenever the encounters occur. When more people cross national and cultural borders and their experiences are spreaded into a wider world, we can certainly expect discrimination, exclusion, and racism that resulted from the national and cultural borders will disappear someday.
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