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- 저자 : schoff, J (검색결과 5 건)
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The U,S,-Japan alliance and the future of extended deterrence
( James L. Schoff ) 한국국방연구원 2009 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.21 No.4
North Korea`s redoubled efforts to perfect its nuclear weapon and missile capabilities have focused attention on the issue of deterrence in Japan, as some political leaders question whether their country`s defense posture and its alliance with the United States will continue to be adequate to deter potential North Korean coercion or aggression. China`s nuclear weapons and military modernization programs are causing similar concerns. The key issue, however, is how well deterrence and extended deterrence (underwritten by the United States) will function in East Asia, given the dramatic changes in the regional security environment and recent U.S. arms-control initiatives. Precisely when Tokyo is placing greater emphasis on homeland defense issues, Washington is emphasizing maximum flexibility to fight insurgencies and prevent nuclear terrorism around the world. While Japan is taking keener interest in the U.S. nuclear umbrella, the United States is planning for deeper cuts in its nuclear arsenal. The East Asian region is changing, and deterrence must change with it. The tradition of equating extended deterrence with a nuclear umbrella is slowly fading away, and this could ultimately yield a more practical and operationally sound concept of deterrence, provided the allies work to bridge their differences and avoid fostering a security dilemma. The process of getting to that point should create opportunities to reshape extended deterrence for the twenty-first century in ways that strengthen and diversify the allies` security and political relationships (possibly in closer partnership with other nations), which can also promote stability in the region.
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Building Six-Party Capacity for a WMD-Free Korea
( Charles M Perry ),( James L Schoff ) 한국국방연구원 2004 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.16 No.2
The unprecedented series of six-party talks now under way in an effort to resolve the standoff over North Korea`s nuclear and broader WMD-related activities herald a new and indelibly regional dynamic that portends a brighter future for Northeast Asia. Even if the current process does not achieve all its objectives, the multilateral legacy that the six-party interactions would nonetheless leave behind should not be squandered away or left unattended. In this context, there is a need to coordinate regional efforts not only on the deal-making process (or the front end) regarding North Korea`s WMD programs (i.e., developing the political and economic motivations for an initial agreement), but also on back-end issues relating to how the logistical and technical process of dismantling the DPRK`s nuclear weapons program and facilitating the country`s engagement with the international community could actually unfold. While the six-party talks began as a diplomatic process, the opportunity exists for this mechanism to evolve from a purely diplomatic function into a more institutionalized body with certain logistical and technical capabilities that can provide legitimacy for, and augment, the contributions of the IAEA, international financial institutions, and other UN agencies. This can only happen, however, if Korean political and socio-cultural sensitivities are acknowledged and addressed and if the six-party process can make up for the divergent threat perceptions and the lack of trust and confidence that exists among the central actors.
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Consensus Building and Peace Regime Building on the Korean Peninsula
Charles M. Perry,James L. Schoff 통일연구원 2010 International journal of korean unification studie Vol.19 No.1
The pendulum of peace building on the Korean peninsula has swung backand-forth many times, and in early 2010 North Korea placed renewed emphasis on a peace treaty with the United States as a means to deal with (eventually) denuclearization issues. However, few policy makers in Seoul, Washington, or even Beijing believe that Pyongyang is sincere when it says that it wants to establish a Korean peace regime in a way that would be even remotely acceptable to the allies. It seems that once again we are experiencing a peace building mirage. The difference this time, however, is the potential for greater consensus among South Korea, the United States, and China when it comes to potential peace talks. Beijing does not view the peace issue the same way as Seoul or Washington, but their approaches are beginning to converge, and the potential to develop a regional consensus for Korean peace building (and to influence Pyongyang’s thinking in this regard) has perhaps never been greater. This article will explore this opportunity based on recent events and on research by the authors.
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Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study
Hofmann, M,Stoss, O,Shi, D,Bü,ttner, R,van de Vijver, M,Kim, W,Ochiai, A,Rü,schoff, J,Henkel, T Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 Histopathology Vol.52 No.7
<P>Aims: </P><P>Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression/amplification is implicated in the development of various solid tumour types. Validated methods and scoring systems for evaluating HER2 status exist in breast cancer, but not in gastric cancer. The aim was to establish a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer to identify suitable patients for enrolment in a trial of trastuzumab (Herceptin<SUP>®</SUP>) in advanced metastatic gastric cancer.</P><P>Methods and results: </P><P>Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded gastric cancer samples were tested for HER2 status using the fluorescence <I>in situ</I> hybridization (FISH) pharmDx™ kit (Dako Denmark A/S). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using the HercepTest™ (Dako). Concordance between FISH and IHC was 93.5% in 168 evaluable samples. Eleven samples were scored as FISH+ but IHC− or equivocal.</P><P>Conclusions: </P><P>IHC/FISH discrepancies were attributed to basolateral membranous immunoreactivity of glandular cells resulting in incomplete membranous reactivity and/or a higher rate of tumour heterogeneity in gastric cancer compared with breast cancer. With modifications to the IHC scoring system, the HercepTest™ is considered valid for the identification of HER2+ gastric tumours for this clinical trial. Correlation of HER2 scores with clinical outcomes will be needed to determine which patients might benefit from trastuzumab therapy.</P>
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