http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Brain–computer interfacing under distraction: an evaluation study
Brandl, Stephanie,Frølich, Laura,Hö,hne, Johannes,Mü,ller, Klaus-Robert,Samek, Wojciech IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.5
<P> <I>Objective.</I> While motor-imagery based brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been studied over many years by now, most of these studies have taken place in controlled lab settings. Bringing BCI technology into everyday life is still one of the main challenges in this field of research. <I>Approach.</I> This paper systematically investigates BCI performance under 6 types of distractions that mimic out-of-lab environments. <I>Main results.</I> We report results of 16 participants and show that the performance of the standard common spatial patterns (CSP)?+?regularized linear discriminant analysis classification pipeline drops significantly in this ‘simulated’ out-of-lab setting. We then investigate three methods for improving the performance: (1) artifact removal, (2) ensemble classification, and (3) a 2-step classification approach. While artifact removal does not enhance the BCI performance significantly, both ensemble classification and the 2-step classification combined with CSP significantly improve the performance compared to the standard procedure. <I>Significance.</I> Systematically analyzing out-of-lab scenarios is crucial when bringing BCI into everyday life. Algorithms must be adapted to overcome nonstationary environments in order to tackle real-world challenges.</P>
Few-Layer Graphene Shells and Nonmagnetic Encapsulates: A Versatile and Nontoxic Carbon Nanomaterial
Bachmatiuk, Alicja,Mendes, Rafael G.,Hirsch, Cordula,Jä,hne, Carsten,Lohe, Martin R.,Grothe, Julia,Kaskel, Stefan,Fu, Lei,Klingeler, Rü,diger,Eckert, Jü,rgen,Wick, Peter,Rü,mme American Chemical Society 2013 ACS NANO Vol.7 No.12
<P>In this work a simple and scalable approach to coat nonmagnetic nanoparticles with few-layer graphene is presented. In addition, the easy processing of such nanoparticles to remove their core, leaving only the 3D graphene nanoshell, is demonstrated. The samples are comprehensively characterized, as are their versatility in terms of functionalization and as a material for electrochemical storage. Indeed, these 3D graphene nanostructures are easily functionalized much as is found with carbon nanotubes and planar graphene. Electrochemical investigations indicate these nanostructures are promising for stable long-life battery applications. Finally, initial toxicological investigations suggest no acute health risk from these 3D graphene nanostructures.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2013/ancac3.2013.7.issue-12/nn4051562/production/images/medium/nn-2013-051562_0010.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn4051562'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Schnauber, Peter,Schall, Johannes,Bounouar, Samir,Hö,hne, Theresa,Park, Suk-In,Ryu, Geun-Hwan,Heindel, Tobias,Burger, Sven,Song, Jin-Dong,Rodt, Sven,Reitzenstein, Stephan American Chemical Society 2018 NANO LETTERS Vol.18 No.4
<P>The development of multinode quantum optical circuits has attracted great attention in recent years. In particular, interfacing quantum-light sources, gates, and detectors on a single chip is highly desirable for the realization of large networks. In this context, fabrication techniques that enable the deterministic integration of preselected quantum-light emitters into nanophotonic elements play a key role when moving forward to circuits containing multiple emitters. Here, we present the deterministic integration of an InAs quantum dot into a 50/50 multimode interference beamsplitter via in situ electron beam lithography. We demonstrate the combined emitter-gate interface functionality by measuring triggered single-photon emission on-chip with <I>g</I><SUP>(2)</SUP>(0) = 0.13 ± 0.02. Due to its high patterning resolution as well as spectral and spatial control, in situ electron beam lithography allows for integration of preselected quantum emitters into complex photonic systems. Being a scalable single-step approach, it paves the way toward multinode, fully integrated quantum photonic chips.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
Effect of higher frequency on the classification of steady-state visual evoked potentials
Won, Dong-Ok,Hwang, Han-Jeong,Dä,hne, Sven,Mü,ller, Klaus-Robert,Lee, Seong-Whan IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.1
<P> <I>Objective.</I> Most existing brain–computer interface (BCI) designs based on steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) primarily use low frequency visual stimuli (e.g., <20 Hz) to elicit relatively high SSVEP amplitudes. While low frequency stimuli could evoke photosensitivity-based epileptic seizures, high frequency stimuli generally show less visual fatigue and no stimulus-related seizures. The fundamental objective of this study was to investigate the effect of stimulation frequency and duty-cycle on the usability of an SSVEP-based BCI system. <I>Approach.</I> We developed an SSVEP-based BCI speller using multiple LEDs flickering with low frequencies (6–14.9 Hz) with a duty-cycle of 50%, or higher frequencies (26–34.7 Hz) with duty-cycles of 50%, 60%, and 70%. The four different experimental conditions were tested with 26 subjects in order to investigate the impact of stimulation frequency and duty-cycle on performance and visual fatigue, and evaluated with a questionnaire survey. Resting state alpha powers were utilized to interpret our results from the neurophysiological point of view. <I>Main results.</I> The stimulation method employing higher frequencies not only showed less visual fatigue, but it also showed higher and more stable classification performance compared to that employing relatively lower frequencies. Different duty-cycles in the higher frequency stimulation conditions did not significantly affect visual fatigue, but a duty-cycle of 50% was a better choice with respect to performance. The performance of the higher frequency stimulation method was also less susceptible to resting state alpha powers, while that of the lower frequency stimulation method was negatively correlated with alpha powers. <I>Significance.</I> These results suggest that the use of higher frequency visual stimuli is more beneficial for performance improvement and stability as time passes when developing practical SSVEP-based BCI applications.</P>