History and Practice of Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration in China, Based on Retrospective Study of the Practice in Shandong University Qilu Hospital

Zhiyan Liu,Dongge Liu,Bowen Ma,Xiaofang Zhang,Peng Su,Li Chen,Qingdong Zeng 대한병리학회 2017 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.51 No.6

Cytology in China developed from nothing and underwent a long journey from gynecologic cytology to that of all organs, laying a solid foundation for new developments in the 21st century. Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was primarily developed in an endocrinology department and then in the clinical laboratory department or pathology department in the 1970–80s. Wrights staining is popular in endocrine and clinical laboratory departments, while hematoxylin and eosin staining is common in pathology. Liquid based cytology is not common in thyroid FNA cytology, while BRAFV600E mutation analysis has been the most popular molecular test. The history and practice of thyroid FNA practice in China were reviewed based on retrospective study of the practice in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University.

Oxygen tank for synergistic hypoxia relief to enhance mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy

Xianghui Li,Haoran Wang,Zhiyan Li,Dandan Li,Xiaofeng Lu,Shichao Ai,Yuxiang Dong,Song Liu,Jinhui Wu,Wenxian Guan 한국생체재료학회 2022 생체재료학회지 Vol.26 No.4

Background: Mitochondria play an essential role in cellular redox homeostasis maintenance and meanwhile serve as an important target for organelle targeted therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy for organelle targeted therapy with noninvasive nature and highly spatiotemporal selectivity. However, the efficacy of PDT is not fully achieved due to tumor hypoxia. Moreover, aerobic respiration constantly consumes oxygen and leads to a lower oxygen concentration in mitochondria, which continuously limited the therapeutic effects of PDT. The lack of organelle specific oxygen delivery method remains a main challenge. Methods: Herein, an Oxygen Tank is developed to achieve the organelle targeted synergistic hypoxia reversal strategy, which not only act as an oxygen storage tank to open sources and reduce expenditure, but also coated with red blood cell membrane like the tank with stealth coating. Within the oxygen tank, a mitochondrion targeted photosensitizer (IR780) and a mitochondria respiration inhibitor (atovaquone, ATO) are co-loaded in the RBC membrane (RBCm) coated perfluorocarbon (PFC) liposome core. Results: Inside these bio-mimic nanoparticles, ATO effectively inhibits mitochondrial respiration and economized endogenous oxygen consumption, while PFC supplied high-capacity exogenous oxygen. These Oxygen modulators reverse the hypoxia status in vitro and in vivo, and exhibited a superior anti-tumor activity by mitochondria targeted PDT via IR780. Ultimately, the anti-tumor effects towards gastric cancer and colon cancer are elicited in vivo. Conclusions: This oxygen tank both increases exogeneous oxygen supply and decreases endogenous oxygen consumption, may offer a novel solution for organelle targeted therapies.

Bounded Traveling Wave Solution of a Nonlinear Equation

Jiang Tao,Yang Zhiyan,Liu Zhengrong 경북대학교 자연과학대학 수학과 2003 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.43 No.1

Bifurcation method of dynamical systems is applied to investigate traveling waves of nonlinear equation[a(1 + bu)u ]ux + uxxx = 0with =a,= > 0. Parameter space is partitioned. Types of bounded traveling waves are shown, that is, the equation has three types of bounded traveling waves, solitary waves,periodic waves and domain wall waves. When integral constant is zero, explicit expressions of bounded traveling wave solutions are obtained.

The Asian Thyroid Working Group, from 2017 to 2023

Kennichi Kakudo,정찬권,Zhiyan Liu,Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa,Andrey Bychkov,Huy Gia Vuong,Somboon Keelawat,Radhika Srinivasan,Jen-Fan Hang,Chiung-Ru Lai 대한병리학회 2023 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.57 No.6

The Asian Thyroid Working Group was founded in 2017 at the 12th Asia Oceania Thyroid Association (AOTA) Congress in Busan, Korea. This group activity aims to characterize Asian thyroid nodule practice and establish strict diagnostic criteria for thyroid carcinomas, a reporting system for thyroid fine needle aspiration cytology without the aid of gene panel tests, and new clinical guidelines appropriate to conservative Asian thyroid nodule practice based on scientific evidence obtained from Asian patient cohorts. Asian thyroid nodule practice is usually designed for patient-centered clinical practice, which is based on the Hippocratic Oath, “First do not harm patients,” and an oriental filial piety “Do not harm one’s own body because it is a precious gift from parents,” which is remote from defensive medical practice in the West where physicians, including pathologists, suffer from severe malpractice climate. Furthermore, Asian practice emphasizes the importance of resource management in navigating the overdiagnosis of low-risk thyroid carcinomas. This article summarizes the Asian Thyroid Working Group activities in the past 7 years, from 2017 to 2023, highlighting the diversity of thyroid nodule practice between Asia and the West and the background reasons why Asian clinicians and pathologists modified Western systems significantly.

Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features in Asian Practice: Perspectives for Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology

Bychkov, Andrey,Jung, Chan Kwon,Liu, Zhiyan,Kakudo, Kennichi Springer US 2018 Endocrine pathology Vol.29 No.3

<P>The introduction of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) was initiated and promoted by pathologists. Recent Asian studies added new knowledge to the existing literature to aid a better understanding of NIFTP. Our original data and the results of a meta-analysis suggest that the initial rate of NIFTP has been overestimated, averaging 9.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.0–12.7%) of all papillary thyroid cancers worldwide. The incidence of NIFTP in the Asian population (1.6%, 95% CI 0.9–2.5%; 7 studies) is significantly lower than that reported in the non-Asian series (13.3%, 95% CI 9.0–18.3%; 18 studies). Such difference could be attributed to various perceptions of histological diagnostic thresholds, different nature of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and different approaches in the management of thyroid nodules. The active surveillance for indeterminate nodules and NIFTP, largely represented in the indeterminate cytologic categories, promoted by Japanese institutions establishes a new paradigm to reduce overtreatment of these patients. The lower prevalence of NIFTP in the Asian series indicates a low impact on the risk of malignancy in cytopathology, as it was demonstrated in our original multi-institutional cohort of thyroid nodules, and may predict a low impact on the performance of commercial molecular tests. Several Korean studies addressed the issue of <I>BRAF</I> mutation in NIFTP, which prompted the current refinement of the diagnostic criteria for NIFTP. Our survey of Asian pathologists found that the term NIFTP has not been universally adopted in the local practice. Endocrine pathologists must promote the new entity through provision of educational activities.</P>

Low Rate of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-Like Nuclear Features in Asian Practice

Bychkov, Andrey,Hirokawa, Mitsuyoshi,Jung, Chan Kwon,Liu, Zhiyan,Zhu, Yun,Hong, Soon Won,Satoh, Shinya,Lai, Chiung-Ru,Huynh, Lien,Kakudo, Kennichi Mary Ann Liebert 2017 Thyroid Vol.27 No.7

Molecular Correlates and Nuclear Features of Encapsulated Follicular-Patterned Thyroid Neoplasms

정찬권,Andrey Bychkov,송동은,김장희,Yun Zhu,Zhiyan Liu,Somboon Keelawat,Chiung-Ru Lai,Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa,Kaori Kameyama,Kennichi Kakudo 대한내분비학회 2021 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.36 No.1

Background: Assessing nuclear features is diagnostically challenging in the aspect of thyroid pathology. The aim of this study was to determine whether pathologists could distinguish BRAF-like and RAS-like nuclear features morphologically and identify morphological features to differentiate thyroid tumors with RAS-like mutations from encapsulated papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with predominant follicular growth and BRAFV600E mutation. Methods: Representative whole slide images of 16 encapsulated thyroid tumors with predominant follicular growth were reviewed by 12 thyroid pathologists using a web browser-based image viewer. Total nuclear score was calculated from semi-quantitatively scored eight nuclear features. The molecular profile of RAS and BRAF genes was determined by Sanger sequencing. Results: Total nuclear score ranging 0 to 24 could differentiate BRAF-like tumors from RAS-like tumors with a cut-off value of score 14. The interobserver agreement was the highest for the assessment of nuclear pseudoinclusions (NPIs) but the lowest for nuclearelongation and sickle-shaped nuclei. NPIs were found in tumors with BRAFV600E mutation, but not in tumors with RAS-like mutations. Total nuclear scores were significantly higher for tumors with BRAFV600E than for those with RAS-like mutations (P<0.001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that NPIs and high nuclear scores have diagnostic utility as rule-in markers for differentiating PTC with BRAFV600E mutation from benign or borderline follicular tumors with RAS-like mutations. Relaxation of rigid criteria for nuclear features resulted in an overdiagnosis of PTC. Immunostaining or molecular testing for BRAFV600E mutation is a useful adjunct for cases with high nuclear scores to identify true PTC.